Hunting is a cruel Essay

Do you want to live? If you do you will think or know that Hunting is a cruel, it is wrong to kill animals as a means of entertainment. Less than 5 percent of the U.S. population hunts. Twenty percent of foxes who have been wounded by hunters are shot again. did you know that if hunting goes out of control people on the earth might die because we need meat for us to live in the world and if we do not have meat we can die. we all live on a cycle if that cycle has someone missing the others will dies, like for an example: The sun give the plant some sun light so it can grown then the plants grows but the frog eats the plant then the frogs get eaten by all the snakes so the the snakes die then the eagle dies because the snakes died. isn’t that a crime to the environment. well a cycle is a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order, or it is a complete set or series. There are so many views of why hunting is right. We will also touch on animal testing. The following paper will prove and show why hunting for eating is fine yet at the same time hunting and fishing for trophy’s is bad. Hunting a fox,deer, and other animals is Wrong.It is already to much that drought, hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes happen. The rought, hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes only do is distroy the houses of animals and plants,too.

Aggressive in behaviour Essay

I will use this as my title for the purposes of planning. In 1998, 47% of female prisoners had dependent children (Flynn, 1998:75). In 1999 this was estimated to be more like 55% – based on those with children sixteen or under. With the female prison population numbering around 3,250, the number of women estimated to have young children is 1788 (Harris, 2000:iv). So I feel it would be useful to try and locate around 10% of this number and ask for permission to interview and study their children. This figure would still mean a lot of work for the researchers – and there would need to be several – as not all of those approached would give permission for the research to involve their children. As a result, I have determined that the best methods of research will be interviews and observations. The reason I have chosen these methodologies is because they are more informal, and when working with children, it is more likely to yield results than questionnaires. Questionnaires are problematical for younger children, who may be unable to write and face to face techniques are more likely to obtain information – questionnaires are not always filled in or returned to the researchers (Bell, 1999:130). The benefits of interviewing and observation preclude the use of questionnaires, in part because they allow a certain flexibility for the researcher to further investigate any new ideas which may become apparent (Browne, 1997:406, 414). Observation is beneficial to the researcher because it can allow for additional details to be noted which the child might be unable or unwilling to express. Interviews permit a degree of familiarity between the researcher and the subject, and in turn may present opportunity to further discuss any points which the researcher feel are relevant. In questioning children, the ethics are complex. Permission to interview the child has to be obtained, and it might be unclear from whom it should be procured. The British Psychological Society in 1996 set down a code of ethics and conduct in which it was stipulated that if the research affects someone not able to give valid consent, i.e. a child under the age of eighteen, then it needs to be obtained from whomever has legal authority to give it (Lindsay, 2000:14-15). The first people deemed to be those with parental responsibility are the natural parents. Exceptions to this include a carer who has a resident order under the 1989 Children Act, anyone holding a temporary emergency protection order or the local authority if the child is in care (Masson, 2000:37). If the mother is in prison, as is necessary for his research, obtaining information regarding their children might be a contentious point. It will involve the co-operation of the prison management in addition to the parents, children, and the child’s’ place of education. There being only sixteen prisons in England and Wales which house female prisoners (Flynn, 1998:57), I feel it would be easier to gain the information from a women-only establishment as the administration may be more familiar with the inmates and perhaps will be in a position to assist the research. This would require asking the prison to identify those prisoners with children, which I believe is a detail which would perhaps already be on a database. If this is not the case, it would then involve asking the women in the prison to come forward. This would undoubtedly cause difficulties, as they may not wish to do so, perhaps through disinterest in the research or an unwillingness to be set part from the others as a result of it. Women who have been separated from their children, for whatever reason, may be emotional as a result, and therefore sensitivity is an absolute necessity. The disruption to the prison is also something which needs to be taken into consideration, but:  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦most prisoners find it a welcome change to talk to outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  (King, 2000:303). Once women with children between the ages of two and seventeen years have been identified and approached, their permission to interview their children must be obtained. Authorisation should also be secured from the person caring for the child away from the prison, as it is actually ethically wrong to ask permission for such things from the parent not currently the full-time carer (Masson, 2000:38). I do not know the ethics on continuing on the sole permission of the carer rather than the mother. This is the only clear means of getting access to the information required, as it would be too difficult to poll schools for the information. They would not be able to divulge the data on the children without parental permission anyway. If permission is not given by the mother or the carer, the child will not be contacted in any way. It might be interesting, however, to ask why the parents did not want to take part. Once permission has been gained, the next step is to decide where would be best for the child to hold the interviews. The parents may have suggestions themselves, as they may prefer to have the interview conducted in their presence. This is something which will have to be taken into consideration in the conduct of the project, as it may have a bearing on the behaviour of the child. The presence of a parent, teacher or carer may influence the way the child acts, albeit perhaps indirectly, so affecting their responses to the questions. It would undoubtedly be better to interview all the children under the same conditions, but this might not be possible so it would be advisable to be prepared to be flexible. The best place would be somewhere neutral to the child perhaps a local community centre, preferably interviewing the child twice – once with a parent, carer or teacher in the room, then once without them there. I believe this might show a variance in the child’s attitude and behaviour towards the researcher and their questions, as they will have ‘an audience to play to’ when someone they know well is in the room. It is essential, however, to interview the child in a setting in which they are comfortable. If the parents feel it would be best to interview at their home, then places such as the garden or even the stairs may provide a sense of security for the child (Masson, 2000:43). Otherwise another place to carry out an interview might be the child’s school. If the child is hostile to their school-life however, this may introduce elements of bias into their interview compared to other children who may have been interviewed at home or at a community centre. The practicality of eliciting reliable information from a child (under eighteen years of age), is a point which quickly becomes clouded with other issues. The words of an adult may be too complex or the sentence structure poorly formed, so that a child become confused. This has been proven to be the case by several authors (Walker, 1994, Dockrell, Lewis & Lindsay, 2000), and includes children up to the age of eighteen. Minors, even those nearly eighteen, are not always proficient in language skills, and may have difficulty understanding the wording of questions or in formulating their own answers (Walker, 1994:4). There is a need to be sure of how a child is answering a question put to them, as they could be responding to a part of a question rather than the whole question.

Arthur Miller’s, A View From The Bridge Essay

Arthur Miller’s ‘A View From The Bridge’ is a great play set in the run down area of Brooklyn, New York, a community in Red Hook, during the 1950s. It explores the themes of justice, unnatural love, codes of society and respect. The play focuses on the jealousy the protagonist, Eddie Carbone, exerts towards his wife’s illegally immigrated Italian cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, due to his passionate feelings for his own niece, Catherine, consequently ending with his life. The key events of the play are all very reasonable and typical in reflection to the time it was written. The disastrous aftermath of World War Two and the Great Depression left people with one dream; the American dream. To escape their less economically developed country and lead a better life many travelled to America. Italians suffered most excruciatingly hence it is they who went through mass migration, but lead it a better life they did not. Confrontation with suspicious Americans and intense hardship only crippled their self-esteem and lead them to be more independent. In ‘A View From The Bridge’ we witness how this period of time effected and shaped the behaviour of characters in the play. Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to make the play much easier to understand and enjoyable for us, the audience. In this essay I am going to analyse how exactly this has been done. Arthur Miller cleverly uses Alfieri in a number of ways. Alfieri is the narrator; Alfieri plays a character; and Alfieri is a good example of what some call a Greek Chorus. He is our narrator and plays the role of an Italian-American lawyer which makes us expect his words to be truthful. Alfieri also very effectively helps distinguish scenes, expand on characters and make the play more explicit, just as a Greek Chorus would do in old Greek tragedies. Doing this allows us to understand and follow up on the play, its themes and events. â€Å"†¦In Sicily, from where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten†¦Justice is very important here†: Alfieri’s opening monologue, Act 1; he is the Greek Chorus. Alfieri gives us some background information on Red Hook and its neighbourhood, allowing the audience to form an impression on the characters and their morals. Having knowledge on the circumstances explored in the play, what with the illegal immigration, this line in the monologue can infer one of two things: the Italians in Red Hook cannot turn to the law because they are illegal immigrants, or the Italians will not turn to the law due their lack of trust as a result of their Italian customs. Either way, since turning to the law is never going to be the answer, the obvious way to gain justice is for the law to be taken into the people’s hands. Knowing this helps us, the audience, understand why certain events take place later on in the play. We understand Marco is an immigrant and therefore understand why he uses violence to enforce justice against Eddie for his actions. The theme of justice is introduced here. Eddie Carbone’s death at the end of the play came as no surprise to us all. Alfieri had already told us from the beginning that he sat there and â€Å"watched it run its bloody course†¦this one’s name was Eddie Carbone’’. Eddie Carbone will die, but in no ordinary way; he will be murdered which we can indicate from Alfieri mentioning â€Å"bloody course†. Alfieri put great emphasis on the fact that the people of Red Hook take justice into their own hands in his opening monologue which, if we put two and two together, must mean that Eddie’s blood will be spilt for one’s justice. This time Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to really hook, and keep us hooked, in the play. Us knowing that Eddie will be murdered before it actually happens means that we, the audience, know more than the characters. Throughout the play, no matter what turn of event takes place, we know that Eddie’s death is inevitable. This creates a very interesting and suspense atmosphere as we are eager to find out how exactly each character’s action leads up to the death; how Eddie’s own actions may have a huge impact on Marco feeling compelled to end his life. The theme of unnatural love is also first made clearer to us through the use of Alfieri and his unveiling of Eddie’s true inner feeling for Catherine, although Eddie himself denies such possibility which is typical of longshoremen, or men generally, of the time; expressing your emotions just wasn’t a masculine thing to do. Alfieri claims that Eddie has â€Å"too much love for the niece†, which makes Eddie’s resentment towards Rodolpho understandable to us. Why Eddie opposed Catherine’s relationship with Rodolpho was at first quite inexplicit, with many of us assuming it was just the possessiveness of an uncle, but Arthur Miller’s use of Alfieri’s, again as a Greek chorus, makes the play more understandable, and not only that, it also enhances the dramatic factor of the play; we know Eddie will die at the end of the play and are now interested to know how his feelings for Catherine will play a part in his tragic death. In Act 1 Alfieri and Eddie both highlight the codes of the society of Red Hook, made due to the mistrust in the law. Eddie outlines the consequences of snitching on the immigrants whilst Alfieri explains to us that the immigrants will take the law into their own hands. When Eddie is on the verge to call the immigration Bureau later in Act 2 Alfieri tells him he â€Å"won’t have a friend in the world†, reminding Eddie and us that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against their codes of society. Here Alfieri, in spite of being a lawyer who should support the law, is trying to prevent Eddie from making a huge mistake. Alfieri is an American lawyer from an Italian background which is why he is aware that if Eddie goes along with his actions then he will have the society to answer to. We trust Alfieri, a lawyer to be a good judge of character and rational, because he is professionally detached. However, with Eddie he has a slight connection which he mentions in his opening monologue: â€Å"I had represented his father in an accident case some years before, and I was acquainted with the family in a casual way†. When Eddie did call the Immigration Bureau, Alfieri and the audience know that Eddie’s actions were against the codes of society and citizens of the time would not abide by the law, no, they will enforce their justice though violence. However despite being aware of this, Alfieri offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. â€Å"To promise not to kill is not dishonourable† and â€Å"Only God makes justice†. This makes the play very much more dramatic because on one hand Alfieri goes against the law advising Eddie not to snitch, and on the other hand Alfieri goes against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie. This adds to the dramatics because we know that Alfieri’s attempts to prevent Eddie’s death will fail, he himself mentioned being â€Å"powerless†, so we continue to watch whether Marco listens to Alfieri or does go out to kill, sticking by his Italian customs. In addition, I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a person’s morale can be wrong – the law is not always correct and neither is a person’s judgement of what is right and wrong. This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now question themselves whether the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. The portrayal of Eddie Carbone in the play is, without a doubt, negative. His unnatural feeling for Catherine, his horrible behaviour towards Rodolpho and his betrayal to the cousins forces us to dislike his character. However, to conclude the play, Arthur Miller decides to express Alfieri’s sympathy for Eddie to shape our final impression of him, leaving us confused as to whether Eddie was a heroic character or a villain. †¦even as I know how wrong he was, and his death useless, I tremble†¦something perversely pure calls to me from his memory†¦for he allowed himself to be wholly known and for that I think I will love him more then all my sensible clients†. Alfieri does not stop liking Eddie because he understands what he was like. He is suggesting to us that although we recognise Eddie’s actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we should delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did. His love for Catherine, while wrong, is pure, so should he have been punished by death? But maybe if he had listened to Alfieri and compromised with Catherine and Rodolpho’s relationship none of this would have happened. Alfieri had repeated many times, as well as in his closing monologue, that it is â€Å"better to settle for half†; making compromises is best. This is the very meaningful message Arthur Miller portrays to us through Alfieri throughout the play. To conclude, I believe Alfieri, despite not taking much part in the action, has a very vital part in the play. He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the play, who has been distinctively used as a viewpoint of the story. Without him we would have been left clueless after watching the play as it is he who fills in all the gaps and answers all the unanswered questions lingering in our minds. He also raises suspense in the play like no other, enhancing our enjoyment. When Eddie is on the urge of calling the Immigration Bureau Alfieri, despite being a lawyer who should support the law, discourages Eddie from proceeding with the call. You won’t have a friend in the world, Eddie! Even those who understand will turn against you, even those who feel the same will despise you! † He reminds Eddie and the audience that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against the codes of society. Alfieri is knowledgeable on these codes of so opposes the law as he does not want Addie to make this mistake probably because he is becoming too attached to Eddie’s story as he offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. To promise not to kill is not dishonourable† and â€Å"Only God makes justice†. Both Alfieri and the audience know that Eddie’s act was against the codes of society and in the society of the time Eddie will be punished though violence as this is the only way Marco, an Italian immigrant, will obtain his justice, based on the fact that the Italians did not trust the law. But yet Alfieri went against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie, whilst on the other hand he goes against the law advising Eddie not to inform. This make the play more dramatic because the audience know that Alfieri’s attempts to try and prevent Eddie’s death will not have worked, reinforcing that he is powerless, so they continue to see how Eddie dies. Also I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a person’s morale can be wrong – the law is not always correct and neither is a person’s judgement of what is right and wrong. This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now question themselves whetehr the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. He doesn’t stop liking Eddie, because he understands what he was like. He mourns Eddie, but with alarm, because he knows it will happen again. Alfieri is the voice of reason amongst great chaos, but chaos wins, probably because of the tense situation. I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his memory. â€Å"To what extent is it possible to feel sympathy for Eddie? Consider in your answer the part played by the Italian community in his behaviour. When Alfieri concludes his feelings at the end of the play, he is suggesting to the audience that although we recognize Eddie’s actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we may still be able to sympathise with him. In order to answer this, we have to delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did, which ended eventually in his own death. At the beginning of the play, Miller wants us to recognise just how good a man Eddie can be. With his Arthur Miller ends the play in a dramatic and thought provoking way. The audience question whether Eddie deserved to die or not. All Eddie had done is fallen in love, perhaps with the wrong person, but love is a pure emotion that cannot be controlled. Eddie’s feelings lead him to call the immigration Bureau but he was not in the right state of mind as he himself was confused about his feelings for Catherine co should he have been punished by death? Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to close the play portraying a meaningful message, a phrase which he repeats many times; â€Å"And yet it is better to settle for half†. Making compromises is best. Being greedy can be regretful so it is better to be happy with what you’ve got than risk your life for more. Although Alfiieri does not take much part in the action, he has a vital role in the play. He is the narrator, the lawyer and the mediator (he tries to keep the peace). He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the title. He is separate from the main action so could be described as looking down on it. He also links the Italian American community with America itself in terms of its laws which do not necessarily reflect traditional Italian views on justice. Significantly by the title â€Å"A view from the bridge†, this is indeed exactly the role of Alfieri’s character. Miller uses distinctively the character of Alfieri as a viewpoint of the story , something he does in a very elegant and dynamic way. In conclusion, Alfieri’s role within this play makes it entertaining, enjoyable and easier to understand for the audience. I believe that without Alfieri the play would not have binded well therefore the audience would not have had a good understanding. It’s like having a building without its foundation. Arthur Miller’s use of Alfieri managed to draw in the audience’s attention, build up suspense at the beginning of the play, make it clear why certain events took place and why characters behave the way they do, so I think that without Alfieri, ‘A View From The Bridge’ will be meaningless and confusing to watch.

To Be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

To Be Determined - Essay Example ed can come of the pure love (or lust) that these two men (the Duke and the Lover) seemed to want to shower on the two women who are the subjects (and objects) of these poems. These are apparently two women who had the men in their lives so afraid of losing their love that they killed to keep them where they wanted them, to control them or at least to control the moment, whether it was in the frame of a portrait or on the bed or couch that the two lovers last shared with one another. One of them even sat up and waited all night for God to come get him for the sin and the crime. If Porphyria’s lover was waiting for God to react to his selfish deed with punishment of some kind, (presumably with a bolt of lightning strategically placed to his left temple for the commission of the act of murder) why did he not just go ahead and kill himself, too? The main overall theme of both Robert Browning poems â€Å"My Last Duchess† (hereafter known as â€Å"Duchess†) and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† (hereafter known as â€Å"Lover†) is jealousy; as in jealousy mixed with contempt for beautiful women, all the way to the point of literal physical death. The relationship between Porphyria and her lover is positive and has a strong bond. This is why it appears that he (the Lover) could not deal with the thought of being without her. In â€Å"Duchess,† the woman that is the target of the Duke’s affection (worship nearly) has already passed on and all he has left of her is the painting on the wall, to which he, the narrator of the poem, refers at the very beginning. In â€Å"Lover,† the script is flipped. It is the object of the speaker’s discussion (the lady Porphyria) who nearly worships her man instead. He says this directly. (Browning, ll’s 32 and 33 â€Å"Happy and proud; at last I knew Porphyria worshippd me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). It is with these 10 words that the narrator of the story tells us that he realizes how far she had come to tell him of her love, and he then reveals to us, the

Repot Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Repot Plan - Research Paper Example Ever since then, the company has owned more than 17,000 distribution stores globally with its produce diversity ranging from drip brew coffee, snacks, salads, hot and cold sandwiches, coffee beans, and other hot and cold drinks. Today, Starbucks is facing solid competition from other coffee house organizations and the educational control globally (Schultz & Gordon, 2011). This paper outlines a three year strategic management proposal to Starbuck’s managing board of directors based on the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats of the company and other factors. This proposal wraps more than a few aspects that will significantly contribute to the growth and development of the Starbuck organization. The plan reviews several subjects such as strategic marketing procedures and attainable financial policy. In order for the Company to remain competitive in the world market, the management of the organization has to review several factors in the organization such as manage ment policies, obtainable opportunities, expansion and economic plan strengths, marketing, weaknesses, risks that the organization face in the market with exceptional knowledge of the capability of the strategic management plan. Within the span of three years, Starbucks should build customers confidence on their services and products such as take away services (Bussing-Burks, 2009). Take away services are appropriate and this will enable customer to carry their well packed products. This will make the customers have an option of purchasing Starbucks products because they are consistent and reliable The three year strategy should ensure that the organization remains to be one of the best coffee house companies globally. The managing board of directors should have more than a few mission statements that describe their products, their partners, their customers, and its stores. The managing board of directors should hire a strategic plan consultant and facilitator in order to aid the or ganization with strategic formulation and write the company’s vision and mission statements. Mission and vision statement are appropriate in the development of the three year strategy. The objective of the mission and vision statement is to target the audience and define the business. The descriptions of the company are determined by the mission and the vision statement of an organization (Bussing-Burks, 2009). Therefore, the managing board of directors should change the company’s description in order for the three year strategy to be achievable The business plan of Starbucks should illustrate the industry and the market knowledge as well as the research that will be conducted by the management for the organizational development. One of the major factors that should be considered by the managing board of directors is the industry description and outlook. Industry description and outlook involves the current size and the historic development rate and other factors that have contributed to the growth of the organization. This aspect is significant because it will assist the managing g board of directors to acquire appropriate information about the target market in the next three years. However, for effective success of the strategic management proposal, the managing board of directors should identify the SWOT analysis of Starbucks organization. The purpose of the strategic management is to ensure that in the next thre

Rewriting a job description Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rewriting a job description - Term Paper Example It will also show the appropriate time in which one would determine the need to create a job position within a business. Additionally, it will analyze the duties that a job description would require and the performance requirements of the job title. Finally, in the analysis process, it will state the preexisting knowledge and skills required for the position then trying to rewrite chosen job description. The subtractions and additions made during the rewriting of the job description will factor in the paper, with reasons to support the move. The job posting chosen is one for a logistics and brokerage coordinator. How and when would one determine the need to create a job position within a business? The first step towards hiring needed staff is the establishment of the staffing need (Mader-Clark, 2008). For instance, it is of no substantial value to hire staff just because there is an overflow of business income. This is to mean there should be much reason to prove the hiring move is s ignificant at that time. Essentially, it is necessary for a business not to have deadwood on staffing. This is due to the hiring of employees without factoring in their job descriptions. Sequentially, this becomes a waste of business resources as employees receive salaries for doing nothing or tend to concentrate their efforts on one task. Therefore, the creation of a job position relies on the need to have an individual occupy the position (Mader-Clark, 2008). In addition, the right time for hiring new employees is when a business is expanding creating new branches. Generally, a business that is growing would most certainly look to have more staff aboard its stable, unlike a stagnating business. Therefore, it is critical to ascertain whether there are enough funds available to pay the new employee (Mader-Clark, 2008). Secondly, there needs to be a workload that needs lifting off the existing staff to make them efficient in their work out put. In essence, a business should do the hi ring when it feels it is ready to take on the hurdles that may arise with the increased work force (Mader-Clark, 2008). Arguably, chances are that a new hire may or may not add value to the business depending on their potential. The strategies that may apply to outline the position’s details In order, to outline the requirements of a job position a number of strategies have to come in to play. For a start, the priority should be on the job related functions in that the key aspects of the job position should come first. Secondly, the general language should be comprehensible and readily understandable to any reader. The language should be clear and having action verbs to illustrate the positions requirements. Another strategy that would apply would be the nondisclosure of any confidential company information so that it does not get to the business rivals. This will be detrimental if the information falls in to the wrong hands. Moreover, the marketed position should also carry with it little background company information. Lastly when outlining the position details, it is of the essence to ensure that the information on how to apply for the position appears somewhere within the job position details. This will be of help to those interested in filling out the job position. Stating the duties within a job description In order for a job placing to be effective, it needs to state the duties bound to the position in

3 reflection questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 reflection questions - Assignment Example The video enriched the coaching session between Ms. Wessling and her principal by enabling discussion and comparison of personal opinion and perspectives of what they have observed. Her principal emphasized that one of the advantages of using video in the classroom is for teachers to be self-reflective and to be open-minded to bring out what they have done to talk about it. Using video in practice can also be a way to improve our practice as it offers a certain degree of reality. There might be a difference between what is planned in the abstract of practice and the concrete of reality; thus, video exposes of what is intrinsically natural to teachers. I could record my own practice using three different means: (1) reflective journal, (2) voice recording, (3) video recording, and (4) used of evaluation tool. Just like Ms. Wessling’s rationale, the used of notes or reflective journal will help me to record concretely record my practice and permits expression of personal opinion and observation. The voice recording tool will help me analyze the modulation of my voice and how interesting my voice is to my students if I will be the listener. Sometimes, the manner or quality of teacher’s voice affects engagement of the students in the lesson and this voice quality cannot be best evaluated in a video. Thus, I will also use video recording to have a holistic view of the classroom – management, interaction, and mannerisms in teaching. Lastly, I added the used of evaluation tool in order to systematically and quantitatively support findings from other means of recording

Implementation of Infrastructure Research Paper

Implementation of Infrastructure - Research Paper Example A structured communication network is always required for a company to maintain a smooth and viable information and communication system in the company. If it is not sustained, it will surely create problems in the overall operation of the company. An inefficient communication network will increase the employee working problems. Due to impending difficulties, the workers would delay in accomplishing their work and get frustrated in their professional life. Significance of the ProblemThe information technology (IT) sector is grossly responsible for the growth of the global economy since 1980. Efficient IT in U.S. is responsible for its competitive advantage over many economies in the world. This division has not only helped in the development of the military segment of U.S. but has also helped for the industrial progress of the country. Since 1990, the Internet has become a popular topic of public discussion forums. Business firms and individuals have started using computers for both information manipulation and communication. This has augmented importance of IT in the economy. The information learned from this research will help any IT company to set up an appropriate communication system that would, in turn, serve its smooth operation (Samuelson & Varian, 2001). In order to show the empirical relevance of the research, the researcher has introduced a primary survey, which encompasses a questionnaire session to a random sample of 37 IT professionals within the age group of 18 to 45 years.... but has also helped for the industrial progress of the country. Since 1990, the Internet has become a popular topic of public discussion forums. Business firms and individuals have started using computers for both information manipulation and communication. This has augmented importance of IT in the economy. The information learned from this research will help any IT company to set up an appropriate communication system that would, in turn, serve its smooth operation (Samuelson & Varian, 2001). Statement of the Research Question The research question for the project is: Q1. Will an efficient and optimal communication network help a company reduce its gross cost and save more money? Q2. Does improper networking result in extensive time and revenue expenditure for a company? Data Sources In order to show the empirical relevance of the research, the researcher has introduced a primary survey, which encompasses a questionnaire session to a random sample of 37 IT professionals within the age group of 18 to 45 years. Instrument Reliability The sample chosen for the questionnaire session is not stochastic in nature. The result and conclusions will be same, no matter what random sample of individuals is drawn from the IT market. Instrument Validity The researcher will not alter the validity for the sample survey. The sample will be 100% valid as per the mentioned features. Survey Questions The researcher may add this additional question: Q1: What is the speed of your processor? Option 1= less that 3 GHz; Option 2.66 = greater than or equal to 3 GHz. Distributional Method The survey questions will be distributed to the IT professionals through SurveyMonkey or any other popular websites. Treatment of the Data The researcher has used an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to

Draw on relevant theories, the quote, and your own developing pedagogy Essay

Draw on relevant theories, the quote, and your own developing pedagogy to discuss and debate the notion of partnership with par - Essay Example Democratic practice is evident as teachers, parents and even children share power equitably and each is given the acknowledgement and respect he or she deserves. Parent participation comes in the form of â€Å"providing necessary information about the child, providing resources and attending special events to active participation in decision-making† (Styles, 2000, p. 5). If parent participation in schools in strong in Italy, the same is desired for New Zealand and for anywhere else in the world. It would be ideal if parents not only â€Å"take part† in early childhood programs but to â€Å"be a part of† such programs. In this sense, parent involvement is elevated to parent partnership with the school or children’s center. I believe partnership is a collaboration of parents and teachers/child workers as equals with regards to planning the early childhood program for children. ... Its strand of Mana Whenua or Belonging ensures that children and their families feel a sense of belonging in the children’s center (MOE, 1996). In my place of work, parents are considered important resources in our early childhood program. They are aware that they can be called upon anytime to help facilitate children’s development with the collaboration of the school. Evidently, Te Whaariki is one reflection of how the government gives importance to educational partnership with parents. There is a mandate that requires ECE services to establish and sustain collaborative partnerships with parents/ guardians and whanau. The collaboration of the parents with the teachers/ child workers benefits all children, as their learning and development are promoted and extended in both home and children’s center/ preschool (Crown, 1996). â€Å"The strategic plan for ECE Pathways to the Future: Nga Huarahi Arataki (Crown, 2002) devotes an entire goal to promoting collaborativ e relationships, including stronger linkages between ECE services and parents and whanau (Mitchell, Haggerty, Hampton, and Pairman, 2006, p. 4). Government initiatives to deliver high quality early childhood education to children obliges professionals in the field to comply with the highest standards in care and education for very young children and to forge strong partnerships with parents. However, Styles (2000) enumerates some obstacles in the formation of effective partnerships – â€Å"lack of time, busyness, lack of clarity about expectations, different priorities, staff turnover, and cultural differences† (p. 6). Personally, I would welcome more ideas and suggestions from the parents of our students because I believe

Social Value of Scientific and Technological Enterprises Essay - 1

Social Value of Scientific and Technological Enterprises - Essay Example There are many types of social value associated with research. International Business Machines, for instance, has stated that â€Å"Our research needs not only to attract the attention of academia but also to have an impact on a wide range of sectors in society. Fortunately, IBM has various systems to utilize research results for the benefit of society† (Research Value to Society, 2008: n.p.). First, IBM intends to convert its research into products. This creates social value in the form of employment, increased tax revenues for social services, business stability and expansion, and a better standard of living. Second, though the research is protected by intellectual property rules, it does become disseminated in many ways as public knowledge. Although others may not violate the research protected the intellectual property laws, they may learn how to build on the newly discovered knowledge. Finally, research enterprises tend to be rather collaborative in modern times and this means that knowledge is being shared commercially and socially; as an illustration, IBM has stated that â€Å"IBM supports the promotion of open systems that optimize open standards and open sources with the goal of realizing collaborative innovations. TRL is working with governments and corporations to conduct research in open technologies, including open document formats (ODF)† (Research Value to Society, 2008: n.p.). The significance of the research is fundamentally the dissemination of knowledge which is most often commercially-oriented but which is increasingly being used to promote social values such as public health and safety and other social objectives.

The Infrastructure of Data Management and Data Mining Capabilities Research Paper

The Infrastructure of Data Management and Data Mining Capabilities - Research Paper Example There are many forms of DBMS (database management systems) which include such company areas as accounting, human resources, and customer support systems. As large organizations generally only needed these types of DBMSs to handle the large amounts of data exchanged and stored, it is now a commonality in many companies, both large and small, and is a fairly standard part of any company's back office system. Data management is an important aspect of the enterprise server management structure. Through proper and structured management of all corporate data, a company can engage in secure and through using both proper data management tools and IT system tools. Data management is comprised of a variety of disciplines and the official definition provided by the DAMA (Data Management Association) is that 'data resource management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices, and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise". As this is an extremely broad definition it generally focuses on a server-side data management and data mining, but within this paper, there is a need to have a broader focus of the end-user data management which will encourage employees to have a central repository for their files.Many times a company will focus on just ensuring the data is secure but fail to engage their employees in training on these data management and data architecture systems. There are two formats for training that will be discussed in Chapter 11 that include an advanced training curriculum for the DBA's (database administrator) to maintain the servers using the necessary IT tools. The se cond format of training is for the average end user in how the architecture works and the new tools that will be used as a central repository for files by using such type of peer-to-peer network tools much like Microsoft SharePoint Services.  

Restaurant satisfaction Essay Example for Free

Restaurant satisfaction Essay Restaurant Customer Satisfaction Surveys Can Keep Your Customers Coming Back Keep your customers coming back and recommending your restaurant to others with help from restaurant customer satisfaction surveys. Restaurant customer satisfaction surveys give you quantitative insight into the opinions and attitudes of your customers. You’ll obtain facts about what they want, what they expect, and if they plan to return to your restaurant again. If results show that your restaurant does not meet your customers’ expectations, you’ll know exactly what areas to target for improvement. Whether you own a fast-food restaurant, a dine-in establishment, or a chain of restaurants, Infosurv’s restaurant survey measuring customer satisfaction can provide you with valuable data you can use to make better business decisions. Gauging satisfaction with a restaurant customer survey can tell you about the demographics of your customers as well as give you insight into what they really think about: Food quality Menu selection Menu pricing and value Waiting times Promptness of service Professionalism and friendliness of server(s) Server’s knowledge of menu Decor Restaurant location Overall restaurant experience By assessing the wants and needs of customers – and then acting upon them – restaurants have continually found that satisfaction surveys encourage: Repeat business Positive feelings towards the restaurant because they showed that they cared about customer opinions Increased recommendations by current customers Increased spending within the restaurant Whether you need a restaurant satisfaction survey designed from scratch exclusively for your customers, or have an existing survey that needs to be administered, Infosurv takes extraordinary measures to ensure validity, reliability and bias reduction. Our goal is to help you compose a highly relevant survey instrument that will yield sound and valid conclusions while achieving the maximum survey response rate possible. Learn More About Restaurant Customer Satisfaction Surveys From Infosurv To learn more about restaurant customer satisfaction surveys and the Infosurv Experienceâ„ ¢ please download our brochure. What Makes Customer Satisfaction Research Useful? Capture customer feedback and use the data to set business priorities. Mar. 25, 2008By Marian Singer, partner, FiveTwelve Group Ltd. Much has been written in the last couple of years about the promise of customer satisfaction research (CSR) to improve performance or shorten development cycles for businesses and organizations. This work is particularly germane in North America, where growth in many industrial and commercial markets is peaking and companies are scrambling for competitive advantage. The concept is simple: capture customer feedback and use the data to set business priorities. Customer satisfaction data is routinely gathered to support continuous improvement programs like TQM, ISO and Six Sigma. The answers to the questions How are we doing? and What should we do better? are the building blocks of a customer relationship based on measurable value. Answered correctly, they track improvements in the business relationship and identify areas for improvement. However, translating the answers into meaningful actions is difficult. The issue is not whether or not you are getting information about customer satisfaction; it is whether or not you are using information about customer satisfaction to act differently. Generally, two factors cause weak CSR: uninvolved stakeholders and useless data. Lets explore what makes CSR useful. An engineered products manufacturer had recently been purchased by investors seeing promise in their technological leadership. Research was commissioned to help the new team understand current satisfaction and long term business durability. They were shocked to find that more than 90% of the business was at risk. While sales teams showcased and closed many initial orders, lengthy start-ups, late shipments and poor quality pushed customers away once they had adopted the technology. The manufacturer was, in essence, training customers to prefer the technology on behalf of their competition. Employees were frustrated too. They had heard complaints but hadnt digested the consequences. Out of necessity, they assumed ample supply of new customers to replace the disgruntled ones. The costs associated with lost business hadn? t been clear. The team dove into the research, put answers into context, mined new feedback, and made survey adjustments even while they collected more information. They isolated common themes, asked why, and tested actions steps to recover the business. In the end, improved communication systems solved internal conflicts and kept customers in the loop. Investments in new secondary operations simplified customers processes and improved predictability. With these changes, the manufacturer was able to recover tenuous relationships, improve its pipeline and the satisfaction of its customers and employees in about a year. Today, the company monitors satisfaction routinely, taking care to not only benchmark against previous years performance but to test new ideas and gain a clearer understanding of the feedback it receives informally. So, how to ask the question How are we doing and what should we do better? When a business process like the collection of satisfaction data hardens into concrete steps, it loses flexibility, become sterile and impractical and as a result, can erode value. When data collection is exercise in scoring, ranking, and polling, it blocks inspiration, the creative process, decision-making, relationship-building and new learning that comes from effective listening. Weak CSR: Is a static process: A survey of customer satisfaction done once is a popularity contest. Done over time it can be a tool for decision-making, because it can show progress or setbacks. However, if you ask the same customers the same questions, year after year, eventually they are going to ask you to stop. It is very important to evaluate customer satisfaction routinely, to expose changes, but it is equally important to change it up to test new ideas, show responsiveness and build better relationships over time. Customer satisfaction is dynamic. The CSR process should be too. Ignores Context: Most CSR surveys assign a subjective value to tasks or functions like delivery, development, sales management, or customer service. If, however, the satisfaction score isnt understood in terms of its relative importance to the customer, it is difficult to see impact on business health. For example, a customer might state that their satisfaction with pricing levels is relatively low say a 3 on a 7 point scale. Without context, a natural reaction might be to re-examine pricing policies and those of competitors to look for guidance. If, however, pricing scored low in terms of importance in comparison to lead-time, a supplier would know that improvements in delivery could dampen the need for reactionary discounting. By knowing the context in which attributes are evaluated, suppliers can better allocate efforts, grow sales and save margin. Before asking How we are doing? CSR should first establish the importance of an attribute in order to provide context. Is Quantitatively Biased: CSR surveys are often biased by the preponderance of closed questions like force ranked lists and 1-7 scoring. Learning about low satisfaction with service may be informative, but investing the time to uncover ideas for improvement is what is crucial to improving a customer relationship. To illustrate, a customer with little tolerance for late deliveries may score delivery as important but add that a simple call to reschedule would satisfy. Without this background, a manufacturer might have invested to retool, having overestimated the hazard. Always ask Why? Keys to Success Treat customer satisfaction as philosophy Its counter to think that something as fundamental as listening to customers should be institutionalized, but in these days of consolidation and distant markets, it is absolutely necessary. As the knowledge economy continues to evolve, we see that high performers are distinguished by continuously improving CSR processes that get as much attention from process experts as LEAN or Six Sigma. A good first step is to view CSR not as a project thrown over the wall to the new MBA intern, but instead, as a philosophy of listening and interacting with customers. Design CSR that can flex and learn, like people do Its also counter to think that CSR should be designed to flex with what is known at the moment, but this is actually a sign of effective learning and communication, which are the key ingredients to usefulness. The ability of a research team to make changes along the way depends on whether they see and understand the trends early enough. The important factors determining CSR success are not sample size or repetition, but research transparency and the volume of critical thinking done during the project. Act Small CSR exists because companies are big. The complexities that are introduced when groups enlarge encumber simple activities like listening, thinking and doing. But these are the activities that create value and wealth. To make them simple again, build a great CSR process to do the basic, smart things that entrepreneurs are forced to do. Its Never the Data If you ask How are we doing and what should we do better? tomorrow, the answers that you get will be different than the answers you got yesterday. The most important ingredient to CSR is the action that you take with what you learn, and the ability of the customer to see and feel value from those actions. Marian Singer is a partner at FiveTwelve Group, Ltd. , a research and consulting firm that works to improve way that businesses, investors and member organizations listen to their customers and markets and how they act on what they learn. www. fivetwelvegroup. com http://www. industryweek. com/companies-amp-executives/what-makes-customer-satisfaction-research-useful Customer Satisfaction Survey By F. John Reh We all know customer satisfaction is essential to the survival of our businesses. How do we find out whether our customers are satisfied? The best way to find out whether your customers are satisfied is to ask them. When you conduct a customer satisfaction survey, what you ask the customers is important. How, when , and how often you ask these questions are also important. However, the most important thing about conducting a customer satisfaction survey is what you do with their answers. How You Ask Whether Customers Are Satisfied There are many ways to ask your customers whether or not they are satisfied with your company, your products, and the service they received. You can ask them: Face-to-face As they are about to walk out of your store or office, ask them. Call them on the phone If you have their phone number, and their permission, you can call them after their visit and ask how satisfied they are. Mail them a questionnaire This technique has been used for a long time. The results are predictable. Email them a customer satisfaction survey Be careful to not violate Spam laws Email them an invitation to take a customer satisfaction survey When To Conduct A Customer Satisfaction Survey The best time to conduct a customer satisfaction survey is when the experience is fresh in their minds. If you wait to conduct a survey, the customers response may be less accurate. He may have forgotten some of the details. She may answer about a later event. He may color his answers because of confusion with other visits. She may confuse you with some other company. What To Ask In A Customer Satisfaction Survey There is a school of thought that you only need to ask a single question in a customer satisfaction survey. That question is, will you buy from me again? While it is tempting to reduce your customer satisfaction survey to this supposed essence, you miss a lot of valuable information and you can be easily misled. It is too easy for a customer to answer yes to the will you buy from me again? , whether they mean it or not. You want to ask other questions in a customer satisfaction survey to get closer to the expected behavior and to collect information about what to change and what to keep doing. By all means ask the basic customer satisfaction questions: How satisfied are you with the purchase you made (of a product or service) How satisfied are you with the service you received? How satisfied are you with our company overall? And ask the customer loyalty questions How likely are you to buy from us again? How likely are you to recommend our product/service to others How likely are you to recommend our company to others. Also ask what the customer liked and didnt like about the product, your service, and your company. How Often Should You Conduct A Customer Satisfaction Survey The best answer is often enough to get the most information, but not so often as to upset the customer. In real terms, the frequency with which you conduct a customer satisfaction survey depends on the frequency with which you interact with your customers. My state renews drivers licenses for five-year periods. It would be silly for them to ask me each year what I thought of my last renewal experience. Conversely, if I survey the commuters on my rapid transit system once a year, I will miss important changes in their attitudes that may be driven by seasonal events. What To Do With Answers From A Customer Satisfaction Survey Regardless of how I ask my customers for their feedback, what I ask them in the customer satisfaction survey, and when I survey them, the most important part of the customer satisfaction survey is what I do with their answers. Yes, I need to compile the answers from different customers. I need to look for trends. I should look for differences by region and/or product. However, I most need to act on the information I get from my customers though the survey. I need to fix the things the customers have complained about. I need to investigate their suggestions. I need to improve my company and product in those areas the mean the most to the most of my customers. I need to not change those things that they like. Most importantly I need to give them feedback that their answers were appreciated and are being acted upon. That feedback can be individual responses to the customers if appropriate, or it can simply be fixing the things that they tell you need to be fixed. Whats Next in Customer Satisfaction Surveys?

New Zealand Healthcare Organisations

New Zealand Healthcare Organisations Introduction Health care in New Zealand is affected by a number of factors that determine the trends and demands in terms of health. How the health workers plan for, implement and evaluate health interventions greatly depends on some environmental factors, attitudinal factors, international health policy and New Zealand campaigns and policy. In this paper, these determinants and their impact, whether direct or indirect, positive or negative, on the New Zealand healthcare will be thoroughly discussed. This paper also aims to tackle the role that organisations take part in promoting health care services and each of them playing different roles in determining the supply and demand of health care services. We will also compare the obstacles that exist in the New Zealand healthcare system to that of the United States of America’s. This will be done by assessing these countries in terms of safety issues, geographical, cultural, socioeconomic and organizational barriers. 1. Environmental determinants: 1.1 Demographic distribution of populations Presently, New Zealand became a multi diverse and more culturally nation. According to Statistics New Zealand, Population Statistics Units, the number of migrants coming into the country is increasing. The study conducted last 2006 focused on five (5) major ethnicity group with the estimation of total number of individual/ group living in the country. These were the European people including the New Zealander (67%), Maori (15%), Pacific people (7%), Asian (9%) and Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (1%). (Population Estimates at 30 June 1996, 2001 and 2006, 2014). New Zealand has an ageing population. This pattern shows a decline in fertility rate (birth control is properly utilised and easily available) and increase in length of life (on-going research and new technologies used in treating diseases). Moreover, there is also a projection in increase number of aged people on the year 2031. People on 65 years and above mostly suffer from a chronic diseases that result decline on the quality of their life. As a result of this, demand for disability and health care services will also rise. (An Ageing Population, 2014). Maori and Pacific people have a younger age group as compare to European people because they have increase number of birth and death rates. The latter group prefer to have lesser number of children. Asian people also have young structure population because most of them settled in New Zealand with their family at early age. (An Ageing Population, 2014). In China, there is a law known as â€Å"one child policy† to control the increasing population of the country which can result in increased sustainability of every family. 1.2 Social Generally, population of New Zealand have been experiencing increase in living standards. Factors contributed on this were increase in employment status, high educational attainment, safe living and working environment and awareness of the healthcare services available in the community. (Dew Davis, 2005). Poor household income is the top reason of being susceptible to poor health. Among all the groups residing in New Zealand, Maori and Pacific communities usually live in a small and crowded housing environment because of lower costs and the culture of extended families. As an outcome, there will be an increase cases of communicable diseases and mental health illnesses. (Dew Davis, 2005). Moreover, these group of people have the highest number of cases of cardiovascular problems, respiratory diseases and Cancer which is associated with poor eating habit (commercialised food), insufficient physical activities, heavy alcohol intake and smoking practice (roll-your-own cigarette). (The Health of New Zealand Adult 2011/12, 2012). 1.3 Cultural New Zealand is mainly a bicultural country which consists of white-skin settlers â€Å"Pakeha† and native people, the Maori. The relationship of these two groups started upon signing of Treaty of Waitangi between Queen Victoria and indigenous Maori people. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). This became the foundation of Maori health acknowledging the principles of Partnership, Participation and Protection. (The Treaty of Waitangi , 2005). In providing healthcare services to Maori people, it is important to involve their whanau in formulating plan of care and refer them specifically to the Maori health team to address the language barrier which proved to be one of the reasons why they are hesitant to consult their health concerns to the a non-Maori health practitioner. Maori and Pacific group practise bed sharing room when raising their children because they believe that it is a way of building strong relationship and protecting their child on emergency situation such as SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). In contrast, Western people do not agree on this belief and for them independence and autonomy are the best outcome of having an individualised room. 1.4 Political In New Zealand, the healthcare delivery system is made up of numbers of policies and legislations that promotes quality care for all its population. Its government provides strategies to have a better health status for Maori and Non-Maori people living in the country. These includes New Zealand Health Strategy (NZHS) and New Zealand Disability Strategy (NZDS). The aims of these organizations are to decrease inequalities among its residents and communities and to improve coordination in both public and private sectors. (Statutory Framework, 2011) The New Zealand Health and Disability Strategy focuses on the primary health care which covers both promotion and prevention of the occurrence of diseases. For instance, Ministry of Health conducted campaign regarding smoking cessation and the government projected that by the year 2025, there will be no cases of smoking in the country. Preventive measures are also given to the public by means of providing support groups, counselling and reading materials. Furthermore, during the 1990, the government promulgated the Smoke-free Environments Act in New Zealand. (Smoke-free Environments Act, 2005). 1.5 Religious Maori view of good health is associated with their spiritual beliefs (wairuataga). When someone is ill, they conduct a ritual performed by tohunga also known as shamans or priests. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). Same with Muslim people, they also believe that â€Å"Allah† is the one who decide on their health condition and the great healer of their sickness. Catholic group believe that genital mutilation is essential for male individual just like what Jesus Christ did in the past. In United States of America, 6 to 7 out of 10 new born babies are circumcised defending on the spiritual and cultural orientation of the family. According to this group, this procedure can lower the cases of diseases like meatitis (inflammation of the opening of the penis), urinary tract infection and sexually transmitted illness. (Circumcision: Medical Pros and Cons, 2012). On the other hand, European people generally do not engage themselves on circumcision because they believe of it is of no significance, scientifically and spiritually. Jehovah’s Witness people refuse blood transfusion because they believe that receiving blood is prohibited since it was scripted in the bible. 1.6 Values and Ethics According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old-age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same protection. (Preamble, 2013). In view of the above, there are numbers of legislations that support the right of each individual in the access of healthcare services available in New Zealand. For example, the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 (PHDA) provides a clear framework in improving, promoting and protecting health and well-being of its people. This law is further supported by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and Human Rights Act 1993 that deals with the discrimination of both public and private sectors. (Human Rights Legislation, 2008). Ethical values of these rights pertain to the individual equality that makes every people of New Zealand satisfied in regards to the healthcare services. There are studies of health that gender may contribute to the understanding of the factors and outcomes of inequalities. For instance, there are special needs for both men and women during treatment and rehabilitation after surgery or disability. (Shaw, White, Deed, Health, Wellbeing Environment in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2013). 1.7 Traditions Maori people believe on a traditional way of maintaining a good health and preventing illness. This holistic approach is called Te Whara Tapa Wha which ensures balance of four (4) important aspects of their health; the Te taha wairau (spiritual), Tet aha hinengaro (mind), Te taha tinana (physical) and Tet aha whanau (family). (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). This native people also practise the traditional way of healing through massage (Mirimiri) and herbal treatment (Rongoa). These group also believe that natural environment like forest has a therapeutic effect on their well-being. In addition, Asian countries like China and Philippines also believe in traditional healers and use medicinal plants in treating sickness. 2. Attitudinal determinants: Public attitudes 2.1 Concepts of health Public health refers to systematic measures to prevent disease, promotion of health, and prolonging life among the entire population. The public concept of what illness is the way people perceive their symptom is largely influenced by his or her cultural background which in turn influence how the person reacts. According to World Health Organisation, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO definition of Health , 2003). As defined by Oxford English Dictionary, it is the state of being free from sickness, injury, disease, bodily conditions; indicating good bodily condition. (Definition and concepts of health, n.d.). In the view of Rene Dubos, health is the state of health or disease are the expressions of the success or failure experienced by the organism in its efforts to respond adaptively to environmental changes. (Health , 2004). 2.2 Concepts of illness The Public Concept of Illness There are two factors that determine the attitude of public towards illness; socio economic factor and cultural factor, these factors play an integral role in how a certain person reacts to his health condition. According to the World Health Organization socio economic status can greatly affect the quality of life, people living in a low socio economic quality leads to poor health practices of the people and access to quality health services is limited. Cultural beliefs are believed to be vital for peoples well-being and dignity and cultural beliefs dictate the vast majority of our effort to maintain our state of total well-being. According to Susser, illness is a subjective sense of feeling unwell; illness does not define a specific pathology but refers to person’s subjective experience of it such as discomfort, tiredness and/or general malaise. (Illness, Sickness and Disease, n.d.). As described by Kozier, it is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental and spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished. (Kozier, Erb, Glenora, Berman, Snyder, 2004). 2.3 The importance the public put on health Most people think that promoting health and wellness is better than curing disease. In achieving the quality of life, most New Zealanders choose to live a healthy lifestyle by eating nutritious food, adequate exercise and a work-life balance. Through this, the impact of the media and technology has influenced the importance of maintaining a better life. (Shaw Deed, Health Environment in Aotearoa/ New Zeland, 2010). Presently, people do not encourage artificial way of food consumption such as microwavable, processed and commercialised food because they are now into natural and organic process. Although, organic food is more expensive than ordinary food but the nutritional value is more likely. In addition, people engage themselves on active campaigns such as marathon, walkathon, swimming and cycling that help them to remain fit and healthy. 2.4 Public attitudes towards health and medical professionals Generally, medical professionals are treated with respect and regarded highly by the public. They are looked up to and considered lifesavers. With the Ministry of Health’s goal to extend and improve the New Zealander’s quality of life, awareness on health and health care delivery system is increased, causing the people (Maori and Pakeha alike) to demand more of the health care services. However, there are still disparities in the attitudes of the Maori and Non-Maori, as well as in their health. This represent the fact that Maori health rights are not being protected as guaranteed under the treaty and that the social, cultural, economic and political factors indicate a widening gap between Maori and non-Maori (Ellison-Loschmann, 2006). Maori still have apprehensions in getting medical consultation or health care services because of their culture and traditions and health illiteracy. They still view health problems in the spiritual realm as punishments for their sins. Some of them don’t understand that these are consequences of bad health habits. They are also adamant to get health care services from Maori health workers. However, as the importance of health is promoted by the government, the gap between the attitudes of the Maori and non-Maori may be closed soon. 3. The influence of International health policy on healthcare of New Zealand Globally the demand for attention in certain areas in health care necessitates the formulation of international health policy; the creation of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) primarily aims for logical global health policy. Global decision makers can greatly influence and shape how New Zealand prioritizes the needs of reform or how to address particular health problem of the community. (UNDP, 2013). Millennium Development Goals has been created to create has eight key areas 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, 2. Achieve universal primary education, 3. Promote gender equality and empower women, 4. Reduce child mortality, 5. Improve maternal health, 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases, 7. Ensure environmental sustainability, 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The influence of international health policy to New Zealand health sector is evident through its policy prescriptions on the above mentioned eight (8) key areas. Goal number 8 sets objectives to the developed countries like New Zealand to extend relief to underdeveloped countries. (Parliament, 2011). According to New Zealand Parliament over half of New Zealand’s official development assistance (ODA) goes to the pacific region, approximately 71% of the 2011/2012 country programme expenditure is allocated to eight countries: Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Cook Islands, Tokelau and Samoa. The participation of New Zealand in achieving MDG number 8 by extending aide to the Pacific region illustrate that New Zealand has contributed in achieving best possible health to its neighbouring countries.

Antisense Technology and Its Applications

Antisense Technology and Its Applications ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION INTRODUCTION: The tool that is used for the inhibition of gene expression is called Antisense technology. The antisense nucleic acid sequence base pairs with its complementary sense RNA strands and thus prevents it from being translated into a protein. The complementary nucleic acid sequence can be either a synthetic oligonucleotide, like oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) having less than 30 mucleotides or longer antisense RNA (aRNA) sequences (Sczakiel, 1997). Example of sense and antisense RNA is: 5’ A C G U 3’ mRNA, and 3’ U G C A 5’ Antisense RNA. Dr. Hal Weintraub first developed this technology at Basic Science Division. Firstly, they showed that aRNA inhibits the gene expression in mouse cells by Berg, 2002. Dr. Meng-Chao Yao in 1996 showed that aRNA that was incorporated into non-conserved regions of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) disrupts translation and this was done by altering interaction of the mRNA, and the rRNA, mRNA chimera. Sequence transcription of antisense DNA strand into the sense mRNA strand, which is then translated into polypeptide (Kimball, Nov 2002). The inhibition in which the theory works are as follows: When the RNA binds to the complementary mRNA, it forms a double stranded RNA (ds RNA) complex which is similar to double stranded DNA . The dsRNA complex do not allow translation to occur. This translation process was not known. Several theories include: dsRNA prevents ribosome from binding to the sense RNA and translating. dsRNA cannot be translated from nucleus to cytosol, where the translation occurs. dsRNA is susceptible to endoribonucleases that does not affect single stranded RNA, but degrade the dsRNA. ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES: Oligonucleotide-based antisense techniques represents the most successful approach to genetic message element. Zamecnik and Stephenson first demonstrated the antisense effect of synthetic nucleotide. Zamecnik and Stephenson identified a repeated sequence of 21 nucleotides (nt) that was crucial to viral integration with the help of nucleotide sequences from the 5’ and 3’ ends of the 35S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). They synthesized a 13-mer oligonucleotide, d(AATGGTAAAATGG), complement to the portion of this viral sequence. Viral production got inhibited when synthetic oligonucleotide was introduced into cultured fibroblast cells.Thus, they concluded that oligonucleotide was inhibiting viral integration by hybridizing to the crucial sequences and blocking them. They introduced the term ‘hybridon’ to describe such oligonucleotides. At the same time, Tennant et al and Miller et al reported similar effects for synthetic oligonucleotides in other systems. These results focused on the ability of synthetic oligonucleotides to interfere with gene processes. Synthetic oligonucleotides are foreign to the cells into which they are introduced and thus becomes prey for endogenous nucleases. Synthetic oligonucleotides were protected from endogenous nuclease when they attained the persistence level in cell. There are three possible sites on a nucleotide where protective modifications could be introduced. The three possible sites are Base, Ribose (2’ OH group) and the Phosphate backbone. In RNA nucleotides the 2’ hydroxyl group, missing in DNA nucleotides, can be modified. The alteration was thus introduced in the protective modifications of nucleotides that protects against the nuclease degradation which does not at the same time eliminates the desired effect of the oligonucleotide sequence by blocking the complementary hybridization or harming of the cells. In the late 1960s, Eckstein and colleagues successfully introduced the first-generation antisense-motivated nucleotide modification. They replaced one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms in the phosphate backbone with a sulfur atom. This modification was called as phosphhorothioate that achieved the goal of nuclease resistance measured by an increased half-life for a phosphorothioated oligonucleotide upto ten hours in human serum as compared to that of one hour of an unmodified oligonucleotide having the same sequence. Moreover, Matsukura and colleagues demonstrated that phosphorothioated oligonucleotides were effective hybridons against the HIV replication in the cultured cells. On the other hand, phophorothioated oligonucleotides displayed slightly reduced hybridization kinetics and a tendency towards unspecific binding with certain proteins which resulted in cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Thus, the dose-response was added to the mix of issues for antisense agents and hence the useful modifications continued. The so called second-generation class of modifications directly addressed the non-specific and cytotoxic issues which was raised by the phosporothioates by the introduction of RNA oligonucleotides with alkyl modifications at the 2’ position of the ribose sugar. The two most important of these modifications are 2’-O-methyl and 2’-O-methoxy-ethyl RNAs. Antisense nucleotides contains these modifications and displayed the nuclease resistance in concert with lower toxicity and major drawback of 2’-O-alkyl modifications is that the antisense agents containing them are unavailable to the most powerful antisense mechanism called RNase H cleavage. Steric block mechanism are affected from these agents. Thus, the 2’-O-methyl oligonucleotides have been used to increase the desired expression of alternate splices in certain proteins by suppressing the undesired splice variant. Since RNase H cleavage is the most desirable mechanism for antisense effect. Nuclear resistance rarely have 2’-O-alkyl modifications which is a hybrid oligonucleotide, constructs incorporating both the characteristics has been appeared in the form of the â€Å"gapmer† antisense oligonucleotide, containing central deoxynucleotide blocks sufficient to induce RNase H cleavage which was flanked by the blocks of 2’-O-methyl modified ribonucleotides, thus protecting the internal blocks from nuclease degradation and these irrelevant cleavage appears because of binding short stretched nucleotide in most of the genomes. For example, a 15-mer can be viewed as a series of eight overlapping 8-mers. mRNA has less potential random targets, while in RNase H cleavage it is still high. This theoretical potential became real in the case of 20-mer phophorothioate oligonucleotide targeted to the 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of the protein kinase C alpha gene (PKCÃŽ ±). While unmodified oligo-deoxynucleotides forms desired DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes. A variety of nucleic acid analogs have been developed by that increased the thermal stabilities when hybridized with the complementary DNAs or RNAs as compared to unmodified DNA:DNA and DNA:RNA duplexes. These are third generation antisense oligonucleotide modifications and the analogs are: peptide nucleic acids, 2’-fluro N3-P5’-phosphoramadites, 1’, 5’-anhydrohexitol nucleic acids, and locked nucleic acids. The newest and most promising third generation modification is the locked nucleic acid (LNA), introduced by Koshkin et al, Obika et al and Singh et al. LNA, is thus composed of locked nucleotides into a single conformation through a 2’-0’, 4’-C methylene linkage in 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylene-ÃŽ ±-allofuranose. LNAs increased the thermodynamic stability and enhanced nucleic acid recognition. Ribozymes: Ribozymes are RNA enzymes were first described by Cech in Tetrahymena thermophilia. Antisense agents immediatley seized the RNA processing capabilities of these enzymes. Thus, the hammerhead ribozyme was characterized. This enzyme was first isolated from viroid RNA by Ulhenbeck and Haseloff and Gerlach. RNA Interference (RNAi): RNA interference (RNAi) was first described by Fire and colleagues in Caenorhabditis elegans. Long-double stranded RNAs were introduced into C. elegans. RNAi generated enormous interest by both those who view it as a potentially powerful antisense tool and recognize it like ancient eukaryotic cellular defense mechanism. ANTISENSE MECHANISM: The overall goal in introducing an antisense agent into the cells either in vitro or in vivo is to suppress or completely block the production of the gene product. The normal transcription and translation is affected due to transition between DNA and amino acid sequence. DNA strand is transcribed into pre-mRNA at step one. In step two, through the action of 3 separate processes like 5’ capping, intron excision and polyadnelyation, pre-mRNA is converted into mature mRNA. In step three, transportation of mRNA is carried out in ribosomes into the appropriate poly-peptide. The first target is transcription step to achieve antisense knock-down or knock-out, in which antisense agent is targeted to DNA itself, thus preventing transcription of the primary message. Dagle and Weeks noted that there are three ways in which this strategy can be carried out viz, minor groove binding polyamides, strand displaying PNAs, and major groove binding , triplex forming oligonucleotides. According to White at al, pyrrole-imidazole are minor groove binding polymers that achieve sequence-specific action through side-by-side pairing of pyrrole and imidazole amino acids. Less than 7bp appears in the target sequence of short stretched DNA. While PNA agents are longer and their mode of operation binds to complementary strand of DNA helix, displacing the complement. This process is thus aided by the fact that PNA:DNA duplexes are more stable than the DNA:DNA duplexes so that former is thermodynamically favored over the latter duplex. Triplex forming oligonucleotides have longer sequences and these agents create stable triplex DNA instead of binding to one of the DNA helix, while displacing the other helix of DNA. Both involves the interaction of TFO having purine bases in a polypurine:polyrimidine stretch of duplex DNA. Watson-Crick bonded is the target dsDNA sequence and triplex forming oligonucleotides binds to duplex through Hoogsteen hydrogen binding: T-A:T and C-G:C triplets. This strategy necessitates that only the purine-pyrimidine dsDNA can be targeted and the cytosine in TFO must be protonated. Thus the cytosine protonation is due to the requirement for the acidic conditions. Sorensen et al reported that the LNA containing TFOs stabilizes the triplex formation at physiologic pH. A 15-mer having seven LNAs raised the temperature for the triplex to duplex transformation from 33 °C to ~66 °C at pH 6.8. The next level of antisense attack focuses on the processing of the pre-mRNA and the intron excision mechanism. In this process, the oligonucleotide-based agent is used. The sequence-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to the pre-mRNA is required to prevent intron-excision. The antisense agent is then targeted to the mature rRNA and interferes with the transcription apparatus in either due to presence of the oligonucleotide which prevents formation of the ribosomal complex. In ribosomal complex, short RNA oligonucleotides are not stable due to presence of helicase enzymes, while longer RNA oligonucleotides activates RNAi pathway. Finally the most used mechanism is that of the RNase H degradation of mRNA. RNase H is an endogenous enzyme which cleaves the RNA moiety of an RNA:DNA duplex. In both cytoplasm and nucleus, RNase H is found. During DNA replication it removes the primers of RNA from Okazaki fragments. The most powerful weapon assessing functions of gene is called RNase H activation antisense. Kurreck thus listed 15 antisense oligonucleotides in total that are used in clinical trials against the diseases like cancer and asthama. APPLICATIONS OF ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY: In Medicine: James Watson and Francis Crick proposed deoxyribonucleic acid, which consists of two deoxyribonucleotide molecules each having 5’and 3’end that defines a polarity for the DNA strand. After binding of these strands in antiparallel orientation 3’ of one being juxtaposed to 5’end of the other, they compose a complete DNA molecule. The two stands are bound together by pairing four complementary bases in each strand such that adenine present on one strand binds to second thymine, while cytosine binds to guanine in the second. Each strand contains all the genetic information called as mirror image. This structure permits transmission of genetic information by allowing a complementary strand produce for a single strand. One strand can therefore produce an entire DNA molecule, occurring during the cell division. Each triplet set of nucleotides on a strand of DNA encodes an amino acid. In this process, one or another portion of one strand (a gene) is copied by ribonucleic acid polymerase II producing a compelementary molecule of ribonucleic acid, or RNA. This messenger RNA (mRNA) therefore, contains the same information which is contained in the gene that has been transcribed. Mature RNA molecule is left when the introns are excised. RNA molecule is thus exported to the cell, directing protein synthesis at ribosome. This takes place after intron excision and additional process. Formulation of Antisense Technology: DNA/RNA physiology is applied in various methods. Antisense technology is the most important application used. Here, oligonucleotide is introduced into cell which binds to its target mRNA through complementary based-pairing. This binding forms RNA dimer in cytoplasm and halts the protein synthesis. . Application of Antisense Technology invitro: Antisense technology is used successfully in two general areas. The first one is fundamental research where antisense oligonucleotides introduced helps to determine the role of a specific gene. Cell growth and other changes occurred due to the production of angiotensin II. Cellular renin angiotensin system played an important role in variety of cardiovascular disorders like artherosclerosis and vascular hypertrophy. Oligonucleotides were developed to inhibit the synthesis of angiotensin as it was difficult to demonstrate cellular system to be operative. It is a substrate form which the cells make angiotensin II. Cells make their own angiotensin II having growth promoting effects with the help of this technology. Therapeutic Application of Antisense Technology: Viral infections can occur when the antisense oligonucleotides are complementary to viral RNAs. Similarly, antisense oligonucleotides directed towards the oncogene product plays an important role to reduce growth of cancer cells. The most widely used application of this technology is in gene therapy. In this case, a variety of vectors are used to introduce antisense encoding genes into larger number of cells in a patient or animal to produce long term inhibition of protein. For example, vectors having angiotensin II receptor sequences when introduced in animal models can cause long term normotension in hypersensitive animals. REFERENCES: Damha, Masad. 2002 Oct 17. Making sense of Antisense. http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/mbiotech/menu/damha.htm> Accessed 2003 Feb 11. Tennant RW, Farelly JG, et al. (1973) Effects of polyadenylic acids on functions on murine RNA tumor viruses. Journal of Virology, 12: 1216-1225. Kurreck J. (2003) Antisense technologies: Improvement through novel chemical modifications. European Journal of Biochemistry, 270: 1628-1644. Miller PS, Braiterman LT, and Ts’ o POP. (1977). Effects of a trinucleotide ethyl phosphotriester, Gmp(Et)Gmp(Et)U, on mammalian cells in culture. Biochemistry, 16: 1988-1996. 1

Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God Essay -- essays research pape

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world has always been that they presuppose faith; that is one cannot be reasoned into believing in a religion, if such was not the case then we would have seen a huge migration to one religion or another. In any given religion, the main proof of God’s existence is the fact that scriptures -- whichever ones they may be -- inform us of his existence and his powers. Then again, we only believe in these scriptures because we think that they come from God. Generally saying, this is a circular argument that cannot be used as a proof. We would all like to believe that we believe in God and our given religion because of faith. But what is faith? And how can a Jew, a Christian or a Muslim all have the same certainty about their given religions without being in any doubt of their minds as to the certainty of their religions and faith. Descartes set out to build a set of arguments designed to prove God’s existence. On those, he constructed all of his other arguments. His goal in proving God’s existence was dual; he wanted to build ground to base his arguments on, that is that he exists ...etc. That goal will not be discussed in too much depth in this paper. It is his other goal to prove beyond a doubt God’s existence to all non-believers. Descartes starts by rejecting all his beliefs, so that he would not be misleaded by any misconceptions from reaching the truth. He notices that by doubting all of his previous ideas he is thinking in. Descartes determines that in order for him to think, he must exist. He states that he knows that to be the case beyond any doubt, and that this is the first principle of the philosophy he is seeking. From that single observation he deduces a rule that he will build his entire argument upon. Descartes notices that the idea of his existence is very clear and distinct in his mind; based upon this clarity, and the fact that he has just determined his own e... ...t would have to necessarily exist. It is difficult to understand because just as we can think of a God, we can think of a being so absolutely imperfect that it does not exist, since existence is perfection. But since it has an objective reality, according to Descartes, it must have a formal reality, what is almost impossible. Descartes was obviously a man of great intelligence, who influenced the course of progress of Western Civilization. His inventions in the fields of Philosophy, Mathematics, Geometry, and science as a whole are undeniable. In his work he was very modest, always states himself no more gifted than anyone, but we can feel arrogance in his conclusions. For example, only his method would deliver humanity, he will complete the debate of God’s existence, his judgment is right to describe characteristics of God, etc. I think Descartes succeeded in some parts of his proof for the existence of God, but failed in proving God’s existence from a logical point of view. The fact that there are educated men of all religions proves that anybody can be right in his own description of existence of God. Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy.

Albert Einstein Essay -- physics biography bio

Although there are other very interesting physicists who have contributed to the scientific world, I decided to do some research on Albert Einstein. You may have heard funny stories of his quirkiness like not wearing socks, or you may have seen posters of him with his wild, untamed hair. I have wondered what Einstein is really like. What was the personality of this man who was so incredibly smart? And if he really was that smart, why would he treat his hair and feet so poorly? This web page gives a bit of insight to the highly famed physicist. There is a basic overview of the his accomplished theories. Also, I provide a timeline of Einstein's life. His views and politics are a little less known, but what I'm including here that is difficult to find at other web sources is Albert's personality. So, if you are bored with reading about his theories, when he was born, married and died... check out the personality section and discover Einstein's character. The year 1905 is referred to as annus mirabilis ("miracle year") because it is the year in which Einstein introduces the theories that make him famous at the young age of 26. First, in his Special Theory of Relativity, he demonstrates that space and time are not absolute but vary with the proximity of one object to another. Example; for a person living in orbit around the Earth, time would pass more slowly than if he/she were living at sea level. The difference is not great, but it is still there and this is due to the variance in gravity with respect to earth. This would mean Isaac Newton was wrong, although his theories still generally hold for calculating dynamics close to Earth. Also, Einstein takes on the topic of light and by the time he publishes the pa... ...al libety, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Political liberty implies the freedom to express one's political opinions orally and in writing; tolerance implies respect for any and every individual opinion. These conditions do not obtain in Germany at the present time. Those who have done most for the cause of international understanding, among them some of the leading artists, are being persecuted there. Any social organism can become physically distempered just as any individual can, especially in times of difficulty. Nations usually survive these distempers. I hope that healthy conditions will soon supervene in Germany and that in future her great men like Kant and Goethe will not merely be commemorated from time to time but that the principles which they taught will also preail in public life and in the general consciousness.

Female on International Assignments

World is growing with lightening speed to become a global village, business horizons are widening their wings to take over every street of the world, no matter how different market style is, how different cultural barriers are. Different customs, norms, language, gender are crucial issues for any individual, team, or organization. We are focusing about women facing problems at international assignments. This for sure affects the success of women who work across borders. Gender perspective varies a lot across time, culture. There are some countries like Sweden with low gender discrimination and on other hand its Japan with very high gender discrimination. Different cultural environments, cultural beliefs, and attitudes significantly impact gender expectations and govern much of the interactions and interpretations that occur between men n women. It came to known by a survey that more women are sent to work on international assignments than men, but the question arises, aren’t the challenges faced by women the same as those for men†¦? Is working in Australia is same as working in India? The first problem faced by women on international assignment is the cultural difference. Where in male dominating business world n environment it’s hard for a lady to be acceptable as a decision maker. Clients will not do business with women in the way they would with a man. Especially in the Middle East countries where boys have to be boys and girls to be girls, one has got to play along with it. One have to be respectful in order to get their respect, and noting that women need to be â€Å"very mature† in their behavior. Women, who want to lead in business, have a family knot with them. The first question, an owner going to think prior to appointing an assignment, is she a lady with family, and the amount of travel she can carry along? Whereas men can easily be mobile for international assignments. It is as well a cultural attitude toward the role of women in child-rearing and family life which play a role in this shortfall. It is difficult for women to take expats routes than men but the paradox is that women have more of communication skills n qualities that companies require for today’s business world. In ancient societies men were a symbol of strength and protection, they used to go out either for hunting or for protection and keeping out the outsiders n women were used to trade and provide services. Now we are moving into a period where couples have to care for a wider range of things. Companies need a better understanding of relationships and wider management through teams rather than through dominant male hierarchies. Women care about relationships a lot more than men do, which makes them better at management because they are better at recognizing emotions, voracity and other people’s needs, which on average, makes women better at working in teams. But, on the other hand, it is generally more difficult for a female to sever the relationships she’s established and take-off for another country. Another issue for women is when the accompanying spouse is a man. On average the male is the person in the highest position in society and it gets much more difficult to get the guy to follow the woman as the trailing spouse. In many countries it is more difficult for female expats because they may have to accommodate their males’ egos. In male-dominated societies, the trailing male spouse does not want to feel inadequate. So what companies should do to help women carry their international path. First and foremost, they should find the person qualified to fit the clients’ needs and then HR ensures that qualified women are part of those short term assignment. Specially when a female employee is to send to the Middle East she has to be able to cope with the cultural complexity. Whereas, the younger women generation is much more capable than the fifty years old generation. We need to bring these women up; we have successful female role models, which helps bring about change. Women should get international assignments like any one else because it is a great way of developing as well as being essential for their careers.