Different Cultures, Beliefs And Costumes - 1590 Words

I think it is very important to be aware of other cultures, beliefs and costumes because as a future social worker, I should be able to give my support and services to clients as individuals. I think that every individual is unique; thus, I will take the time to validate their thoughts, feelings and experiences. Some individual’s feelings and experiences are originated from racial differences issues that are occurring. Therefore, being sensitive to a client’s need to express his or her feelings about this matter could go a long way. Racial Difference Awareness and Transition I was six years old when I first realized that racial differences exist. It was a year after I my parents decided to it would be best if my siblings and I lived in Jordan with my mother. My parents wanted my siblings and me to learn the Arab culture and the Islamic faith while we were still young. Prior to moving to Jordan, we lived in LaSalle, Illinois where all my friends were Caucasian. I never noticed being different because everyone around me was Caucasian, and no one pointed out that I was different at that time. Once we moved to Jordan, I began to notice that children and adults looked different, dressed different and even spoke an unfamiliar language. Although, I was a Muslim Arab just like them, I felt out of place and different than everyone else. I spoke English and very little Arabic, dressed in untraditional clothing, and I was unfamiliar with the traditions and customs of the JordanianShow MoreRelatedAsante And Samoan Dancing : Similarities And Differences1232 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I chose to compare and contrast were Asante and Samoan. These two cultures are very interesting to learn about and both of their dances were very entertaining to watch. They had their similarities and differences, but ultimately had one goal when performing and that was to exude joy and entertain those who were watching while they performed with their cultures throughout their dance. While wearing their detailed costumes, they both had very fast movements along to the beat of a drum mainly.Read MoreDay Of The Dead ( Or All Hallows Eve1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe end of October and beginning of November two very different yet also seemingly similar celebrations take place. Halloween (or All Hallows’ Eve) is celebrated on October 31 in several countries including the USA. It has its roots in pagan celebrations for the end of the harvest season, various festivals of the dead, and the Celtic Samhain festival. Day of the Dead (or Dia de los Muertos) is a Mexican holiday, which is also celebrated in parts of Latin America and in the U.S., to remember andRead MoreA Comparative Analysis: British and Chinese Clothing Concepts1598 Words   |  7 Pageshad their costumes emulated by other countries particularly the Arab countries all over the world because the cultural practices of Chinese people is very close to those of the Arabian countries. Norris and Curtis (1988), agree that culture has for a long time dictated how people dressed during the early times before civilization and globalization brought about universal clothing styles. Every society in the world has got its own clothing concepts that form part of its unique culture. Going byRead MoreSimilarities Between Halloween And Day Of The Dead1051 Words   |  5 Pageshouse to house asking for, mainly, candy. For adults, Halloween could mean parties, or handing out things to the children, or spending time with family. A similar holiday to Halloween, Day of the Dead. Day of the Dead is mainly limited to hispanic culture, however it has started to spread in more recent years. During Day of the Dead families create altars to attract and guide loved ones to their home, and the afterlife. Dà ­a de los Muertos consists of many community-wide celebrations, and parties. DuringRead MoreThe Mexican Day Of The Dead901 Words   |  4 Pagesrisks in exploring other cultures from a strictly descriptive point of view, especially when those descriptions do not originate from within the culture itself. External descriptions are virtually always skewed in their interpretati ons of the meanings and purposes of activities and traditions. When a person reads a portrayal of a culture other than their own, that information is filtered through their own cultural view. They are unlikely to be able to see behaviors and beliefs from the perspective ofRead MoreBrazil And Caribbean Culture Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesWithin Brazil and the Caribbean lies a racial mixture of cultures. Since the 1930s the people have, overall, enthusiastically adopted the notion that racial and cultural mixture defines this regions national identity (Samba 1). This region consists of a very historic background which has shaped the beliefs and customs of celebration, music and dance. Sugar cane was brought to the new worldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Amalia Hernandez And Deer Dance Of The Yaqui Indians 757 Words   |  4 Pagespopular dance company in the entire world. More than 60 regions of Mexico were incorporated into her performances. Amalia Hernandez’s work and style incorporated many different cultures and themes. Many dances were fiesta themed and incorporated beautiful different colors and costumes. Fiesta theme performances were fun and different to watch. The vibrant colors and creativity made them unique and festive. A great deal of Mexican history was also incorporated in Hernandez’s work as well. OneRead MoreAnalysis of a Hindu Reflection and Research Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pageshear things better explained after leaving the sanctuary. I really respect the fact that the Hindu’s can give that much focus, energy, passion, and attention to worship for that long. I found it interesting to learn that Hinduism had many different denominations. I knew other religions had denominations, but I just always considered Hinduism as one big religion. I thought it was very interesting how they offer fruit’s as sacrifices to their gods. I figure there is some reason to why they chooseRead MoreCultural Appropriation Is Inevitable Like Globalization1546 Words   |  7 Pagesexchanges of ideas, beliefs, and technology, the greater chance of cultural appropriation. This phenomenon is called globalization. Cultural appropriation is inevitable, but it can be viewed in a positive perspective instead of the current negative one. Consider the first time blue jeans became popular in American culture, now across the global people wear blue jeans and some consider it a major part of American culture (). The piece of clot hing is so synonymous with American culture some countries likeRead MoreReview of Mass Man by Derek Walcott1394 Words   |  6 PagesWalcott is showing how black men, the ordinary descendants of slaves, are trying to imitate those who once enslaved them, via their mass costumes. â€Å"Through a great lion’s head clouded by mange / a black clerk growls.† At first glance, it reads that a black man, who is a clerk, is wearing a costume that is supposed to be the head of a great lion, but instead the costume looks haggard and diseased. Its symbolic representation however, is tied to the literal representation through the common history that

The Constitution Of The United States - 1325 Words

While a great number of democratic governments from all over the world inevitably succumbed beneath the grasp of a despot, there one country that was able to elude a tyrant in its government by shielding against such corruption. During the period of May 25, 1787 to September 17, 1887, fifty-five US delegates convened in Philadelphia to write the Constitution of the United States of America, which was a new form of government that would replace the United States’ earliest government called the Articles of Confederation. As a young nation, the scrappy American country witnessed the futility in the Articles of Confederation to which it did a poor job in granting the national government with sufficient authority. This resulted with catastrophic displays of disharmony and negligence of government demands in the country, in which was mostly manifested in Shay s Rebellion of 1787. Consequently, American politicians understood how feeble the Articles of Confederation were in establish ing order; they knew that the weak government would eventually lead them to anarchy. Nonetheless, as much the country needed a stronger enforcer of laws, the framers of the Constitution also took into consideration the possibility for tyranny to infiltrate their government. It was a challenge to establish a strong main power that presided over an entire country yet simultaneously prevent an abuse of power from a dictator, otherwise characteristics of a cruel, unjust, and oppressive rule would occur.Show MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhod e Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held

Marketing Education Policy and Management

Question: Discuss about the Marketing for Education Policy and Management. Answer: Introduction: The universities of Australia are undergoing significant reform and change. The governmental policy and others have contributed to the success of Australian universities. Victoria University is no exception to this aspect. The university is characterized by a decent level of market share which accounts for nearly thirty percent of revenue. Victoria University is located in Melbourne. However, it is difficult for the varsity to operate and command a sizeable share of the entire industry. The University maintains strong industry connections in education so that every individual associated with the University are benefitted. VU or Victoria University assumed the status of a university in 1990. After a downturn from 2010, the universitys fortune experienced a turn-around since 2013 (Mazzarol and Soutar 2012). VU achieved double-digit growth in 2014. Victoria University is esteemed for providing high-quality education to innumerable students from around the world. Each year the varsity at tracts as many as forty-six thousand students globally. The education industry is robust and estimates around AUD 1.7 billion of which approximately 600 million is dedicated to technical education. The US is followed by Australia when it comes to higher education. Also, education is Australias second largest export sector. Barring tourism, it is the third largest exporter which contributes around USD 17.2 billion economy which amounts to 23.2 percent from the preceding year (Shah and Sid Nair 2013). Marketing environment At the outset, it is clear that Victoria University is based in Melbourne which boasts of being the cultural and sporting capital of the region. It is currently the destination of more than 4.35 million resources from over 140 nations. With students hailing from more than 100 nations, Victoria University is one of the culturally diverse education institutions in the region. The varsity is identified as one of the fast-growing multicultural institutions in Australia. As stated earlier, the education market contributes around USD 17.2 billion in export income of the nation. It had faced an increase of 23.2 percent from preceding year (Casidy 2014). The total revenue of educational industry amounts to USD 78,690 million. The growth regarding revenue totals around 3.5 percent. The higher education sector, in particular, the universities is a home to the substantial share of international students in Australia. This amounts to around 48 percent of total enrolment in June 2015. The ABS or Australian Bureau of Statistics reveals that the market wherein Victoria University operates in reached a record high of AUD 18.1 billion or USD 13.15 billion for the previous fiscal year. Also, education is a major employer who supports as many as 1,30,000 jobs across the regions and cities (Waters et al. 2015). Target segmentation The degree of the gap in perception to the performance of Victoria University along with second tier universities is large. The university in consideration is focused on the creation of a differentiated place in the market. Previously, there was less difference between various Australian universities due to levels of competition and other factors. The university in consideration requires more needs to carve out distinct positions in the education market. Victoria University has placed emphasis on being the student based institution (Shah and Richardson 2016). It conducts extensive student experience research and seeks to develop student experience consequently. Victoria University operates in a more competitive and consumer-driven market in Australia. Techniques and strategies used in other industry conditions for instance multi-brand strategies and psychographic segmentations may be considered (Harris and Ammermann 2016). The university should consider creating sub-brands for target ing new student segments without dismantling the position of the actual entity. Victoria University could create an alternative brand for instance in the delivery of education model to reap the advantage of mass market volumes along with maintaining the reputation of being a world-class university. On the other hand, Victoria University may mull over the creation of new brand and establishment to open up or grow new segments. Besides, the university has deployed the principal factors of psychographic segmentation to changeable degrees. It has defined targeting students using the principles of psychographic segmentation and has aligned to a full range of programs brand and marketing and student experience. The executives of the University have strategies that encompass over the core product. The core product, in this case, is focused on a wide range and diverse programs namely Bachelor degree courses to the certificate, diploma, and Master Degree curriculums. However, in some cases, the course offerings and programs are of sufficient quality which attracts the strong level of basic demands. Thus psychographic need seems to be the focal point. Victoria University functions in an increasingly competitive and consumer-driven market wherein the consumers are deemed to be students. The risk exists in being an incumbent competitor who wins market share by getting closer to the students by formulating new programs or for that matter experiences that directly matches students preferences and needs (Cucchiara 2016). Customer behavior Victoria University aims to adopt psychographic segmentation model while analyzing customer or students behavior. The university aims to profile the students and applicants to understand how students hailing from a wide geographic territory perceive the institution. This would help the varsity to improve the marketing of its core product which is education. The primary use of psychographics is helpful in the understanding of the markets wherefrom the students belong to. A viable psychographic analysis would help Victoria University to drift from reliance on geographical considerations which would assist them to shape various academic programs coupled with student delivery and marketing communications. The investigation identifies varied differentiated psychographic segments among first-entry undergrads. The primary cultural factors also deserve special mention in this regard. The university in consideration incorporates changing cultural values of young Australians. It goes without s aying that the university has framed some academic programs which are concurrent to social class and attitudes of the incumbents who flock in the esteemed venue of the University. Different students fall in different social backgrounds. Thus the institution has framed various cost effective courses which cater to the wide range of students hailing from diverse backgrounds (Mainardes et al. 2014). Marketing Mix The University in reflection targets a wide range of students hailing from various geographies and backgrounds. Price: Victoria University offers vocational education and subsidized courses to its students. Postgraduate courses are usually full fee paying which comes with certain exceptions. The prices of academic programs reflect the service qualities provided to the students (Tayar and Jack 2013). Place: Victoria University is located in Melbourne which is referred to be service center and provides competitive edge thereby attracting more students. Promotion: The organization promotes through the website, media namely, television, the internet and educational magazines. People: The resources mean faculty and non-teaching community associated with Victoria University. Competent individuals having Ph.D. and Masters degree are considered while selection for faculty division. Process: The entire service process is devoid of hassles and technology-based which makes admission and other aspects easy and unperturbed (Drew 2013). Recommendations Victoria University is a name to reckon with in the education sector of Australia. University strategy is usually led by the vice-chancellor. The university leaders should be consistent while recruiting best people for various positions. The university intending to accentuate marketing opportunities should invest in online campaign and promotional activities to draw students. The university should aim to make the admission process more simplified which makes an entry point for the students convenient. The organization should heighten digital communication practices to attract more students. Moreover, it should partner with regional institutions based in locations other than Australia which would increase the face value of the university. The institute should maintain a strong alumni base which is effective in drawing potential students into the university. Reference list Casidy, R., 2014. Linking brand orientation with service quality, satisfaction, and positive word-of-mouth: Evidence from the higher education sector. Journal of Nonprofit Public Sector Marketing, 26(2), pp.142-161. Cucchiara, M., 2016. Thinking Locally: Attending to Social Context in Studies of Marketing and Public Education. Peabody Journal of Education, 91(1), pp.121-130. Drew, C., 2013. Elitism for sale: Promoting the elite school online in the competitive educational marketplace. Australian Journal of Education, 57(2), pp.174-184. Harris, A. and Ammermann, M., 2016. The changing face of creativity in Australian education. Teaching Education, 27(1), pp.103-113. Mainardes, E.W., Raposo, M. and Alves, H., 2014. Universities need a market orientation to attract non-traditional stakeholders as new financing sources. Public Organization Review, 14(2), pp.159-171. Mazzarol, T. and Soutar, G.N., 2012. Revisiting the global market for higher education. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24(5), pp.717-737. Shah, M. and Richardson, J.T., 2016. Is the enhancement of student experience a strategic priority in Australian universities?. Higher Education Research Development, 35(2), pp.352-364. Shah, M. and Sid Nair, C., 2013. Private for-profit higher education in Australia: widening access, participation and opportunities for public-private collaboration. Higher Education Research Development, 32(5), pp.820-832. Tayar, M. and Jack, R., 2013. Prestige-oriented market entry strategy: the case of Australian universities. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(2), pp.153-166. Waters, M., Simon, L., Simons, M., Davids, J. and Harreveld, B., 2015. A case for scholarly activity in vocational education in Australia. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 5(1), pp.14-31.

Keeping DDT or Against DDT

This paper argues in favor of keeping dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to control malaria because of its persistence, broad toxicity against insects, low cost, and insoluble nature and opposes the argument in favor of doing away with DDT.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Keeping DDT or Against DDT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A synthesis of experimental results in which biopsy specimens were used to develop the argument against the use of DDT on the premise that chronic exposure of the highly lipid and carcinogenic DDT and its principal metabolite dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE) on human beings led to the bioaccumulation of DDT in fatty tissues (adipose), showed little evidence in support of the argument (Breman, Alilio White, 2007). Breman, Alilio and White (2007) argue that there is no independently replicated study which shows that bio accumulation of DDT causes cancer, underweight births , and an increase in the prevalence of hermaphrodites. An epidemiological and estrogenic assessment of the carcinogenicity of DDT shows no insignificant levels of DDT in fatty tissues and the risk that organochlorines cause cancer. Research shows that DDT has low toxic effects on human health, but causes minimal side effects such as dizziness, prickling sensation of the mouth, headache, vomiting, lethargy, and fatigue when sprayed (Breman, Alilio White, 2007). There is no conclusive evidence based on epidemiological and experimental studies on carcinogenetic effects of DDT on human health which leads to deleterious reproductive health effects. Hemingway, Beaty, Rowland, Scott and Sharp (2006) argue that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is the single most cost effective vector control agent against malaria, filariasis, and dengue fever. Hemingway et. al., (2006) argue that many countries have reversed the adverse effects of malaria by spraying DDT because of the high morbidity and mortality of malaria. Estimates show that malaria causes 2.5 million deaths annually in Africa (Kazura, 2007). According to Kazura (2007), malaria causes the death of 5 children under the age of 5 years in every 5 seconds in Africa. According to Kazura (2007), more than 70% of malaria incidences in Africa are caused by clinical plasmodium falciparum, which is the leading cause of 18% of the deaths among the children. According to Kazura (2007), millions of cases of malaria have been reduced by spraying DDT. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of DDT to control malaria in episodic transmission areas and supports limited use of DDT as an inexpensive option of controlling the prevalence of malaria in poor countries (Indoor Residual Spraying, 2012). A research by Indoor Residual Spraying (2012) supports the argument in favor of keeping DDT because the climate in Africa facilitates biodegradation of DDT once it has been sprayed, reducing its persistence and prevale nce levels.Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analytically, â€Å"spraying DDT to control malaria is less frequent, intensive, more controlled, and cost effective† (Kazura, 2007). The best practices of spraying DDT includes spraying the interior surfaces of buildings leaving a small residual percentage of DDT of 2 g/m2, leading to a minimal environmental effect and trivial effects on people’s health (Kazura, 2007). The cost of using DDT to control malaria outweighs the unreasonable speculation associated health risks (Indoor Residual Spraying, 2012). In conclusion, the use of DDT should not be discontinued because it is the proven single most effective agent against malaria. There is need for research to discover the best method to use DDT to minimize its effects on human health. References Breman, J. G., Alilio, M.S. White, N. J. (2007). Defining and Defeatin g the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III: Progress and Perspectives: of American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(6), 12-15. Hemingway, J., Beaty, B.J., Rowland, M, Scott, T.W, Sharp, B. L. (2006). The Innovative Vector Control Consortium: improved control of mosquito-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol, 22 (1), 308–31. Indoor Residual Spraying, (2012), Web. Kazura, J. W. (2007). The Continuing Evolution of the, American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene. Official journal of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1(1), 9-16. This term paper on Keeping DDT or Against DDT was written and submitted by user Jaliyah Wolf to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Great Recession free essay sample

Our 2007-2008 financial crisis is blamed on cheap mortgage credit, including lax underwriting process and government policies. In 2003, the government passed the American Dream Development Act, which provided financing to low-income families. Trying to help lower middle class families, the policy led to mortgage subprime mortgages. Financing to families with low credit rating at high interest rates. Since a large part of the population is middle to lower class, an exhaustible demand for new homes was created. As a result, creating a bubble in home price. Some of these mortgages include Interest only (monthly payment pays nothing to the principal, thus never decreasing the principal amount financed), and Adjustable Rate Mortgage, which consists of lowering or increasing rates every year depending on market interest rate. This type of mortgage can be beneficial in times like this; but back in 2006, when interest rates were so high, many mortgages monthly payments increase more than 10% in just one month. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Recession or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Interest rates increased, subprime mortgages started to default exponentially since new homebuyers were unable to meet the monthly payments. This led to the collapse of home prices. This period of time is called the Great recession. The increase in subprime defaults reduces aggregate income and increases aggregate home prices, which in turn increases the level of prime defaults in the economy. This is called the subprime contagion. How did the government react? The government used fiscal policy to stabilize interest rates, reduce unemployment and increase GDP, they issued a program of Easy Credit, letting subprime borrow at a prime borrower spread. Also, they gave a Tax Rebate in 2008 of $8,000 for First time homebuyers, and for those in default they issued the Distress Relief program of HAMP (Home Affordable Modification Program). On the other hand, the Fed used monetary policy to reduce the economic crises and spur investments and consumption. They reduce the rate at discount window, increase money supply to reduce rates and they purchase mortgage-backed securities. Using Monetary Policy in a recession is more effective because it acts faster than fiscal policy. Fiscal policy has go through a various committees and has to be voted on to be made into law. As a conclusion, there is a contagion effect od subprime default due to the negative impact of subprime defaults on aggregate income, and monetary policy is the most effective when dealing with a recession. Monetary policy increases home aggregate prices in contrast to alternative government fiscal policies designed to loosen mortgage credit.

The Native American Culture In The Red Convertible Essays

The Native American Culture In The Red Convertible Essays The Native American Culture In The Red Convertible The Native American Culture in The Red Convertible In the short story The Red Convertible, by Louise Erdrich, the author, contrasts the old way of life versus the new. Erdrich does this through metaphorical symbols: the color red, convertible, summer trip, and the fancy dance Henry performs before his death (Erdrich p. 468). In the story, the color red symbolizes many things. The convertible is red. Lyman also said his brother, had a nose big and sharp as a hatchet, like the nose on Red Tomahawk (Erdrich p. 467). Also when the brothers took their final journey Lyman says, We started off east, toward Pembina and the Red River (Erdrich p. 467). The color red, in this story, represents Henry's will to be free. The convertible appears in a bright red because, while driving the car, Henry feels trapped by the white man's war (Erdrich p. 467). By returning to the Red River Henry regains his spiritual freedom. According to The American Heritage book of Indians, the Red Sticks were and anti-American faction that fought to keep the white man out, and their heritage strong (p. 221). With this information, the Red Sticks, and the color red, represented in the story can be linked in their feelings with anti-Americanism (The American Heritage book of Indians p. 221). Lyman says, He said he wanted to give the car to me for good now, it was no use (Erdrich p. 468). By Henry giving Lyman the red convertible, he is foreshadowing his death. In the Chippawa culture gifts are given to the family of the deceased (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 16). A remnant of the deceased was kept, wrapped in birch bark, this spirit bundle was then kept for a year and later given to the family (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 16). Lyman knows that Henry is preparing him for Henry's death by giving him the car. Lyman states, No way. I don't want it, referring to the car (Erdrich p. 468). Lyman refuses this gift because he does not want Henry to die. The red convertible also represents a curative charm (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 19). In the Chippawa culture, a charm was given to the injured or diseased. This charm was used in many ways to: stimulate love, attract wealth, insure a successful journey, and to counteract evil (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 1 9). The charm consisted of an artifact that represented the individual or a figurine (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 19). The car was Henry's charm form Lyman. Lyman states, I thought the car might bring the old Henry back somehow (Erdrich p. 466). Lyman could see Henry was sick, so by reconnection Henry with the car, he thought the Henry would get better. To understand why the brothers took tow trips, one to Alaska, and the other at the end of the story, the Nomadic lifestyle of the Chippawas must be examined. The Chippawas led a seminomadic life, dependent upon the seasons (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 10). At the beginning of the story, Henry and Lyman venture off for the summer. The brothers end up in Alaska, which symbolizes their search for new hunting ground (The Chippawas of Lake Superior p. 11). The final journey, that the boys embark on, represents Henry's return to nature. Lyman identifies Henry's feeling by stating, When everything starts changing, drying up, clearing off, you feel like your whole life is starting. Henry felt it too (Erdrich p. 467). When Henry and Lyman reach their final destination, something comes over Henry. Lyman identifies this change when he states, I think it's the old Henry (Erdrich p. 468). However, Lyman doesn't understand Henry's next move when he says, He throws off his jacket and starts springing his legs up form the knees like a fancy dancer...He's wild (Erdrich p. 468). To understand Henry's fancy dancing, the reader must be aware of the cultural ties the Chippawa have to dancing. The origin of the Chippawa dancing drum is told through an old legend (The Ojibwa Dance Drum p. 44). The legend begins with an old Indian woman, who lost her four sons

Case Study Analysis Campus Response to a Student Gunman Essay

Case Study Analysis Campus Response to a Student Gunman - Essay Example The research approach used in the study under examination has similarities with the traditional paradigm, as a tool for identifying the causes and consequences of a particular problem – as in the study of Asmussen and Creswell. However, the traditional paradigm is not appropriate for the case under discussion, since it involves in the following problems: it cannot be used when the sample available in the research is quite small; moreover, it cannot be used when the variables of the research are not stable – another problem of the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. The interpretivist paradigm used in the case under examination can face the above two problems, using the above rules: the assumption that is most reasonable is set as a priority – referring to the case that the testimonies on the events examined are contradictory, as in the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. Moreover, the interpretivist paradigm is differentiated from the traditiona l paradigm at the following point: the findings of the research are likely to be descriptive – and not quantitative, as in the case of traditional paradigm.... The interpretivist paradigm used in the case under examination can face the above two problems, using the above rules: the assumption that is most reasonable is set as a priority – referring to the case that the testimonies on the events examined are contradictory, as in the research conducted by Asmussen and Creswell. Moreover, the interpretivist paradigm is differentiated from the traditional paradigm at the following point: the findings of the research are likely to be descriptive – and not quantitative, as in the case of traditional paradigm. What is its ontological assumption? Phenomenography – as part of the interpretivist paradigm – on which the research developed by Asmussen and Creswell is based – refers to the following ontological assumptions: a subjectivist one and a non-dualistic one; the former implies that the status of the world is pre-defined, cannot be changed, everything is placed in accordance with a particular order; the second implies that there are no two different worlds – the one of the researcher and the one described by participants; the world is one and this fact needs to be reflected to the discussion on the findings retrieved through phenomenography. What is its epistemological essence? The epistemological essence of phenomenography is reflected in the following principle: the assumptions produced in regard to the findings of the research need to be extensively justified – in the context that each fact is followed by its interpretation. However, at this point the following issue needs to be taken into consideration: the description of the events under examination may be different – across the participants; for this reason, it is necessary

Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Conclusion - Essay Example Migraine has various negative effects on the lives of the patients suffering from it. After depressive disorders, migraine is the main reason why women take days off work, in high-income countries. Not only does it affect working women, but the onset of migraine in adolescents is also very common (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). Migraine patients often feel that the headaches control their lives. Research has proven that patients think that migraine affects their quality of life and at times makes it impossible for them to live their life freely. However, it is one of those disorders, the effects of which, extend to the entire family, friends and other relationships (Rutberg & Ã" ¦hrling, 2009). Even though there have been various interventions and research studies regarding migraines, it has been very difficult for the nurses to help migraine patients deal with the symptoms. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been used to treat migraines in women. Acupuncture is a non-pharmacological treatment that has been found to be very effective when treating migraine headaches. Numerous research studies have been conducted over time to test the effectiveness of acupuncture for curing migraine (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). The objective of this paper is to review and analyze the effectiveness of acupuncture against migraine in females. The paper investigates how acupuncture is more effective, and determine the veracity of it exhibiting fewer side effects, than analgesics for alleviation of migraine, in females between 25 to 55 years old, during the first few hours of administration. Therefore, the clinical question of interest is: from among female patients be tween the ages of 25 through 55 that had been diagnosed with migraine, is acupuncture more effective as it allegedly exhibit lesser side effects than analgesics, for alleviating the symptoms? Acupuncture is

British Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

British Fiction - Essay Example Both of them are distinctive, and in many ways ground-breaking plays written by playwrights who are , in their way, regarded as quintessentially 'English' or 'British' in nature: if such as thing as British literature exists, it would be found within their work. First of all is there such a thing as "being British" At the most basic level "being British" would be someone who is born, raised or who hold British nationality. In this case both Pinter and Stoppard meet this crude "British" definition. Being British is also essentially an idea rather than a reality. It can be seen as adherence to a number of supposed national norms that the British display. Eccentricity, independence, an indomitable nature, reserve, politeness, intelligence, genius, empire, arrogance are all characteristics which can be said to be 'British', and thus it can be seen to be a number of often contradictory things. 'Contradiction' is one of the hallmarks of Absurdist Theatre and thus it is apt that The Caretaker is one of the first works of drama to be written within the genre called The Theatre of the Absurd. What can be said to be particularly 'English' about this work. ... mixture of threat, comedy, hopelessness and an ironic commentary upon working class lives that are based often upon endless combative exchanges of words. The characters make fun of their situations in a manner that is both vaguely threatening and funny. For example, Mick gives an exaggerated description of what the hopelessly run-down house could be: MICK: We could turn this place into a penthouse. For instance this room. This room could have been the kitchen. Right size, nice window, sun comes in. I'd have I'd have teal-blue, copper and parchment linoleum squares. I'd have those colours re-echoed in the walls. I'd offset the kitchen units with charcoal-grey worktops. Plenty of room for cupboards for the crockery. We'd have a small wall cupboard, a large wall cupboard, a corner wall cupboard with revolving shelves. You shouldn't be short of cupboards. You could put the dining-room across the landing, see Yes. Venetian blinds on the window, cork floor, cork tiles. You could have an off-white pile linen rug, a table in... in afromosia teak veneer, sideboard with matte black drawers, armchairs in oatmeal tweed, a beech frame settee with a woven sea-grass seat... (sits up) it wouldn't be a flat it'd be a palace. (Pinter, 1998) Mick is making fun of his brother's (as well as the tramp's) ridiculous plans for the house, and goes from the reasonable to the absurd in his descriptions. Take the description of the cupboard, which soon turns into a "large wall cupboard" and then on to the absurdly ambitious "cupboard with revolving shelves" (Pinter, 1998). Pinter is also commenting upon the pretentious of the English middle-class, and those such as his brother and new 'caretaker' who would want to be one of them. The details of this pretension, seething with sarcasm as they

Intravenous Fluid Therapy During Anaesthesia

Intravenous Fluid Therapy During Anaesthesia INTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY DURING ANESTHESIA Water, Electrolytes, Glucose requirement, Disposition The intravascular compartment consists of blood cells, colloids, and solutes. Each one of them plays a specific role in the homeostasis. In the perioperative period there are losses and shifts of ECF between compartments. Injury, surgery, endocrine pathology contribute to those shifts and ultimately influence outcome. It is generally accepted that the total body water of a 70kg adult patient is approximately 60-70% of the weight and approximately two-thirds of it is intracellular. The focus of this chapter is the intravascular volume which consists of extracellular volume, plasma, and intracellular volume attributable to erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. The plasma, constituting approximately 3 L, consists of inorganic ions, albumin and small molecules. The inorganic ions are found on both sides of the cellular membranes and their concentration is maintained due to an energy consuming process. The Na+/K+ ATP-dependent pump maintains a higher N+ and Cl concentration in the extracellular space while K+ concentration is higher intracellularly. The albumin and other larger molecules are kept in the intravascular compartment by the endothelium cells due to their size. Smaller molecules, however, can cross freely this barrier. The endothelium cells and thus the barrier they provide can be disrupted by injury, surgery, or inflammatory processes. The result Is a disruption of homeostasis with significant deleterious effects on the body. Additionally, disease states can cause disruption of the inorganic ion homeostasis and leading to fluids shifts between compartments leading to edema, poor perfusion, lactate buildup, poor excretion of harmfu l metabolites and causing additional injury. Starlings Equation underscores the important forces (hydrostatic and oncotic) affecting fluid distribution between capillary and interstitial space: Jv = Kf [(Pc Pi) à Ã‚ ­ (Ï€c Ï€i)] Jv net filtration or net fluid movement Kf filtration coefficient Pc and Pi the hydrostatic pressures in the capillaries and interstitial space respectively à Ã‚ ¬ reflection coefficient Ï€c and Ï€i capillary and interstitial oncotic pressure The natural driving force and thus fluid movement is from capillary to interstitial space, where the excess fluid is cleared by the lymphatics. Diseases and trauma, whether due to surgery or otherwise induced and leading to inflammation and release of toxic substrates, disrupts the balance and the function of the endothelium and reducing the reflection coefficient. The increased permeability can lead to changes in the interstitial fluid composition which changes the oncotic pressure difference leading to further extravasation of fluid and resulting in tissue edema. This edema compromises local perfusion and accumulation of toxic byproducts causing a vicious cycle and ultimately death. The osmotic pressure is due to semipermeable membranes. Solutes which freely traverse a membrane dont build an osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane. Glucose is present in the intracellular fluid and serves to provide energy substrate. It is regulated through insulin and maintained at a level between 70 and 90 mmol/L in healthy adults. Increase in the glucose concentration can change the osmotic pressure across the endothelium and cause fluid shifts leading to Our goal as anesthesiologist is to maintain the intravascular compartment and assure adequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs while maintain good clearance of metabolic byproducts. The following classification of the perioperatively used fluids is ubiquitous: crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids with ionic solution and osmolality close to that of plasma are deemed balanced solutions. The glucose is used to provide energy substrate and used in hypoglycemic patients or in combination with insulin. Once the glucose is metabolized, the reminder of the free water can be easily distributed along all compartments. Colloids consist of dissolved large molecular substances. They are generally described by their molecular weight or MWw. This property contributes to the oncotic pressure created intravascularly with intact endothelium and glycocalyx. Naturally occurring colloids encompass albumin, immunoglobulins, fresh frozen plasma, and plasma protein fraction. Semisynthetic ones are: gelatins, dextrans, and hydroxyethyl starches (HES). Semisynthetic and naturally occurring colloids have raised the concern of viral and prion transmission, particularly those from bovine origin. While most of the colloids have variable size of molecules, human albumin is more uniform. Gelatins are bovine collagen derivatives. Some preparations can contain Ca or other inorganic ions and those need to be taken into consideration. Dextrans are biosynthesized sucrose derivatives. They are best described by their molecular weight, i.e. Dextran 40 has a molecular size of 40,000 Daltons (Da) and Dextran 70 70,000 Da. Their clearance is highly dependent on their molecular size with smaller molecules freely filtered through the renal glomerulum and larger sizes are metabolized by the reticular endothelial system first and then excreted through the gut. Hetastarches are derivatives of amylopectine. They are divided into high-molecular weight, medium molecular weight and low molecular weight. They can be dissolved into normal saline or balanced solution. All semisynthetic colloids are known to exert an effect on kidneys and coagulation. Thus, there is a maximum dose recommended by the manufacturers. FluidRequirementsandFluidDeficitCalculations Normal Salinevs.LactatedRingersvs. Plasmalytevs.D5W

Memorable Moments with My Sibling Essay

A relationship with a sibling is everlasting: last longer than the bond with a spouse, parent, or friend. Have you ever thought about the times you have spent with your siblings? Those are memorable moments that I would always cherish. The bond with my sibling taught me many lessons in life. My childhood relationship with my sibling has changed since I became an adult. The communication and the people we associate with had changed between us. During any oppression we had gone through, our love still remains the same. Since adolescence my younger sister, Genesis, and I were inseparable. We were like the cartoon characters Tom and Jerry. Genesis used to tell me everything; I was like her secret diary. For example, Genesis would come home to our two bedroom apartment from Attucks Middle school and used to tell me how wonderful or miserable her day went. When she had a delightful day coming home would be satisfying and a little annoying for me. She would tell me how stunning a boy was in her class and was disturbing for me. I didn’t want to hear about her Prince Charming. However, you could tell when she had a dreadful day, she would come home slamming the front door and leaving an echo in the vague hallway. She would run to our cluttered room and jump on her twin size bed. Walking towards her I could hear her calling my name â€Å"Eric†. I said â€Å"Genesis are you feeling ok, what’s wrong? † Genesis said â€Å"There is a boy in my math class calling me a nerd. † I would then comfort her by giving her a hug and tell her not  to worry. You know what they call nerds in the future? Boss! † I said. Genesis always felt safe around me I was there to protect her from any harm like a father figure. However, I joined the United States Army; our molded relationship became more distant. I would only see her physically when important events occurred. For instance, I saw her three months after I graduated from basic training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Communicating through Skype and the six hours difference between Germany and Florida makes it difficult to talk my sister. Our daily conversation about are experiences since we were younger became weekly or monthly as we matured. Overall, age and the distance between us had caused our connection to fade. When I was younger I used to consider Genesis annoying, because of her eager desire to hang out with my friends living around Coolidge Street, Florida. For example, when I got invited to house parties, Genesis assumed she was automatically invited. Of course she was wrong; a house full of 18 year old teenagers partying had no business interacting with a 14 year old girl. As I got older Genesis became a young adult; the age difference didn’t seem to matter anymore. Now that Genesis became mentally matured, she is acceptable to be in my group of friends. A couple of my friends spend time with my sister watching movies and taking her to different vicinities. My sister and friends took a trip to Rapids Water Park in West Palm Beach, Florida. They enjoyed having a blast in the refreshing pool and the water coasters. In brief, since my sister and I share common friends, we socialize more than the past. The love between my sister and I will remain the same. Even through any tribulation that had occurred toward us, we would always be there for each other. For example, my sister would try to hide the fact that she had a fear of crossing the road every morning to the bus stop; I had an intuition that she was, so every morning at 5 o’clock I would walk my sister five blocks and cross  the street with her to the bus stop, sacrificing two hours of my sleep to ensure that she would arrive safely and according to schedule. Genesis is currently nineteen years old, she had two car accidents and is going through some hardships because she is unemployed and her insurance bill went up. I manage to help her financially until she’s on her feet. Vice versa she also helps motivate me with her encouraging words and accomplishments. She graduated top ten percent of her graduating class and did early admissions while in high school. I was discouraged to enroll into University of Maryland University College while being in the military; by her achievements I was inspired to enroll into UMUC and take a writing 101s course. As you can see, during any discomfort Genesis and I will go through, we will always take care of each other. In conclusion, since childhood my relationship with my sister has changed, our communication had faded over time. Some of the friends we spend time with, are the same. When we had gone through any problems, we would help each other. Why is our bond so strong? We had been there for each other our whole life. Even the distance between us, would never break our love for one another.

Impact of E-Learning in Secondary Schools Students

The development of technology and the Internet all over the world during the last decade has enabled new educational delivery methods like E-learning. It is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual education opportunities and digital collaboration. stakeholders at different levels, such as researcher, practitioners and institutions understand the value of e-learning [Kira 2009], thus countries all over the world has adapted to this new delivery method, and Fiji as one of the developing countries has also joined them.The Universities in Fiji have already started using this method and by 2014 Fiji hopes to implement this education method in around 20 secondary school. As online education gains in popularity, it becomes more important to recognize the inherent advantages and disadvantages offered by this medium[Richard Hauser 2012]. Timothy Rodgers [2008] also stated that as the use of e-learning is becoming more and more widespread in higher education it has become increasingly important to examine the impact that this teaching style has on student performance.There have been a number of researches conducted to prove numerous advantages of E-learning. Firstly, E-learning is cost effective, for example, there are no travel costs. Melissa et al [2011]stated, access to online training is cost effective. Higgins [2012] also supported that by stating that e-learning can be effective for students as they do not need to travel and efficient in terms of time. Majority of the learners being middle aged education professionals and keen on professional development could take course that are offered through e-learning since it does not impinge upon their work times. Shikha Raturi 2011] Secondly, E-learning has Flexibility, Accessibility, and Convenience. Here the Learners can proceed through a training program at their own pace and at their own plac e. They can also access the e-Learning course at any time and only as much as they need. The rapid advance of web technology has enable universities to reach out and educate students across time and space barrier [Shu-Sheng Liaw 2008]. Higgins [2012] also supported the claim by stating that e-learning can provide flexibility in terms of time and place. Mary F.Fortune [2011] states in her research that eLearning is also convenient to learners who have problem with communication skills. Thirdly, E-learning has a lot of exchange of ideas and sharing of knowledge. Higgins [2012] specified that e-learning enhances the efficiency of access of knowledge. Shu-Sheng Liaw [2008] identified that eLearning assists learners in collaborative learning, exchanging ideas and sharing knowledge. The author also stated that in web based system, learners are encourage to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and use previous knowledge in order to decide on the best solution for the problem.He also specifi ed that knowledge sharing also enhances better teaching and learning. Although there are a lot of positives about ELearning, there are many disadvantages of E-Learning schools, and disadvantages with the ELearning process. The first issue is skills are required for the user to be able to take advantage of the E-learning. That is basic computer knowledge is require for E-learning. Kira [2009] stated in his paper that fifty percent of adults, including the first year University students, have some sort of computer related phobia.Kushir [2009] discussed in the paper that lack of certain skills or experience might put one at a disadvantage when compared to the experienced once. Lack of operational knowledge and of capabilities narrowed the options of the users in E-learning. [Falloon 2011] Next issue with E- learning is isolation of learners. As stated by Higgins [2012] learners might suffer from isolation and lack of direct social interaction. Further to that point Falloon [2011] added that learners studying at a distance can still suffer from a sense of isolation and disconnect which can adversely affect their performance.Ease of use of E-learning system is another issue that affects the learners. This is when the learning system interface is not user friendly; learners have problems using the system. Kira [2009] indicated in her work that computer anxiety was influenced by how users perceive ease of use of an information system. Shu-Sheng Liaw [2008] also added to ease of the system as user acceptance towards the system, where learners are concerned about the operating methods and functions. Information Overload is another issue of E-learning.Students reported feeling overload in the eLearning courses. [Kushir 2009]. His work also stated that some online environments are unnecessarily cluttered with irrelevant stimuli and information or the way in which the relevant information is organized affects how students learn. From the works of the above researchers it can be known that for any popular system there are positive and negative impacts depending on a range of factors such as different kinds of user, different locations of the system, different choice of users and so on.And as Fiji has recently stepped into this technological advancement of E-learning it will have its own set advantages and disadvantages. However, from the literature review the gap in E-learning was identified as equal Accessibility of the phenomenon by the populace of both rural and urban centers. It was also identified that computer Literacy of participants influenced their mode of learning.

Over-Population and Earth Processes essays

Over-Population and Earth Processes essays The Earth is facing two major issues with regards to its carrying capacity and over-population. Society continues to populate the Earth while the average life expectancy continues to rise. The Earth can only support a set amount of humans before its resources are used up. As well as the Earths resources becoming exhausted, there is also the issue of the high human population polluting the water to the point that some water reserves are not safe for consumption. In 1998 the world population reached 5.9 billion people according to the United States Census Bureau.1 These population figures signify that the world population has at least doubled since 1950, at which time the world population was only 2.6 billion people.1 The Earths population still continues to rise and has already reached the 6 billion people mark. If these population figures remain constant, the Earth will be well over its carrying capacity. With the continuing rise in world population comes the issue of the Earths resources becoming exhausted. An example of these exhausting of resources is oil. Society is already facing the issue of the Earths oil reserves being spent. The economic law of demand states The principle that, other things equal, an increase in a products price will reduce the quantity of it demanded; and conversely for a decrease in price.2 Because the price of oil has increased drastically over the last three years, the amount of oil that society uses has somewhat decreased because consumers are identifying the issue of oil consumption and are now buying more fuel-efficient vehicles.3 According to the economic law of demand, as more consumers switch to more fuel-efficient vehicles, the price of oil will come down again because the demand for oil will diminish and our oil reserves will remain stable. However, our oil reserves will only remain stable if more of society changes their lifestyles to accom m...

3 Lessons Freelancers Learn from... Bears

3 Lessons Freelancers Learn from... Bears Things that are great about being a bear: You get a diet rich in fish, you’re big enough that most predators don’t bother you, you don’t have to have a LinkedIn Profile, and when you want to go sleep in cave for weeks at a time, nobody thinks it’s weird. Fortunately we’re not just doomed to a life as sad hairless bear-wannabes. There are things freelancers can learn from bears when it comes to managing our work-life, as assembled by Chris over at Rags to Reasonable.Lesson 1: Hibernation ModeUnless you’ve landed a really plum long-term contract or three, odds are your workstream ebbs and flows (or sometimes even dries up entirely). This means you have to know how to match your variable expenses to your variable income- make sure you know how to get your operating costs low and manageable enough to allow even your â€Å"hibernation wages† to last you until your next big paycheck.Lesson 2: Go Where the Food IsThis lesson is both obvious a nd frustrating when you’re starting out and taking every single job that comes your way. Some of them may not be as lucrative as you wanted or as relevant to your overall goals as you hoped. Still,  you take them and accept what the market has to offer since you don’t know if there will be food (i.e. work) if you hold out for something closer to your experience.Lesson 3: Filling Your Fat StoresA positive and negative of freelancing is that when it rains it pours, if you’re paid by the project and not hourly. This means you may work for a while in obscurity and then (sometimes months later!) are  rewarded with a significant check for a large portion of your work.The most valuable tip I took away from Chris’ bear-advice was to remember that check is  not disposable income; it’s not leftover, it’s not actually a reliable, regular paycheck. Make it last as long as possible by being savvy with your spending and strategic with your saving.If You’re Freelancing, Have a Plan For Your â€Å"Hibernation† SeasonIf You’re Freelancing, Have a Plan For Your â€Å"Hibernation† Season  Read More at Rags to Reasonable

The Stone Angel Hagars objective moment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Stone Angel Hagars objective moment - Essay Example On the one hand, her fighting spirit is a great attribute in her life, and on the other hand, her pride in her early years has been a problem for her while managing the changes that take place in course of a life time. Looking at the life of Hagar Shipley in this book, the most objective moment in her life was the one when a stubborn and proud Hagar is broken at the hands of poverty. The moment where she realizes that she is no more the all important wealthy person but just another woman who does not have any money, is the most objective moment. In this moment, Hagar who has been stubborn all her life and whose heart has been full of pride, has gone back to the â€Å"Curries† General store. This was the store once opened by her father and thus she was confident she can get a credit from this store. However, by the time she meets the manager, instead of requesting a credit, she just begs for a loaf, to feed her kids and herself. She was dressed poorly as she could not afford an ything fancier. The proud stubborn Hagar Shipley realizes her life has changed; she’s not the same fancy wealthy person she once was with her family. She finally sees herself for the lower class old lady she has become. References: Laurence, Margaret.

Journal article critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal article critique - Essay Example Distribution of leadership would serve motivate the teaching staff making them to go beyond their mandate. The benefits of this distribution of leadership responsibilities would consequently trickle down to students. I found the idea that leadership is moral activity that should be creative and transformative in positively influencing the social and personal aspects of students’ lives insightful. This is important because it shows that effective leadership should not be based on opinion but duty (Rhodes & Brundrett, 2009). The idea of incorporating all stakeholders in influencing positive and improving schools and student behavior is a tested idea and it is effective. Leaving other stakeholders such as parents and students from leadership locks out the contribution of these stakeholders and this can slow the achievement of the goal of school improvement. The authors of this article explain that leadership that factors in student voice helps to not only improve a school academically and imparts responsible and active citizenship in students. I find this idea important because schools are supposed to have a holistic impact on students not just academically. I agree with these authors when they contend that leadership positions in schools are still highly engendered and this need to be changed. This idea is important because it would help tap women’s talent in improving schools (Rhodes & Brundrett, 2009). The idea that leadership development happens effectively on the job is important because it extends leadership development beyond leadership training programs. The idea to create a learning community as a strategy to enhance adaptability to change and improve students’ outcomes is noteworthy. This is because, many organizations are increasingly emphasizing the role of a learning environment in facilitating improvements

Corporate Social Responsibility of Qantas Airline Case Study

Corporate Social Responsibility of Qantas Airline - Case Study Example This research tells that Corporate Social Responsibility aligns the corporate actions and activities to the government law and ensure the business model is ethical. The goal of Corporate Social Responsibility is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and to encourage the positive impacts through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, and stakeholders. This report will analyze the implemented CSR policies of Qantas Airways and assess their effectiveness to determine whether the practice has helped the organization in achieving its goals and objective. According to Qantas Airway Limited Website, Qantas was established in 1920by Paul McGuiness, Hudson Fysh, Fergus McMaster and Arthur Baird. After almost 91 years of growing and developing, Qantas nowadays is widely regarded as the world's leading long distance airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia. It employs approximately 32,500 employees and offers services across a network spa nning 182 destinations over 44 countries. The main business of Qantas is the transportation of passengers, with two main brands, Qantas and Jetstar; operate the total passenger fleet of 252 aircraft. For the full year ended 30 June 2010, Qantas reported underlying profit before tax of $377 million. Net Profits after tax was $116 million. In Qantas, there is a corporate governance framework that works under the Safety, Health, and Environment Security Committee (SESC). This is a board of oversight that was introduced in 1994 is found at Qantas.com. Currently, the board has six members with each having his or her rank. There is the chief executive officer of the board and five independent non-executive officers. The board has laid down a charter that is available on their website. The charter talks more of their objectives, visions, and missions. The SESC has its objectives that are all aimed at assisting the board in performance; the SESC also assists the board on issues concerning s afety, health, security matters, and the environment. They aim at making the working environment to be conducive to working. The SESC also deals with risk management, which in any business, is one of the areas that require a lot of concentration. A good process of risk management should be laid down and then implemented to point. Apart from the working of the audit committee, SESC also works in a way to ensure that there are credibility and transparency. SESC holds meetings regularly from where it sets objectives of achieving the latter objectives and there are some qualifications that members of SESC must meet before joining. All this is meant to ensure that the performance of SESC is done to perfection, and with practiced ease.

Manipal University Letter Of Recommend Essay Example for Free

Manipal University Letter Of Recommend Essay I am serving as Associate Professor in Department of Computer Science at Manipal University, Jaipur and before that I served for 9 years as a Professor in Department of Information Technology at Poornima College of Engineering. I am glad to hear of his decision to invest in a global academic tenure and am pleased to write this recommendation in support of Nitin’s application for admission to the Graduate Program at your institute. I am well aware of the responsibilities of serving as a recommender and can assure the committee of the authenticity of my statements herein. I have known him for over 4 years and have come to know him quite closely in my capacity as his professor and project guide. I taught him his related courses: Open Source Technology, Design and Analysis of Algorithms, Datamining and Warehousing, Computer Networks and Information Protection and Security. I have also supervised him in laboratory and seminar work. Nitin has shown a great interest in my class from day one and has convinced me of a deep interest in the field of Networking and Security. I have had the opportunity to guide him over the period of one year in his main research interests. He has been uniquely inquisitive about the Linux Systems deployed in practice and of late has shown great interest in Network and Security Administration. He has given a seminar on Ethical Hacking to his peers and is now a Certified Ethical Hacker. He and his team developed a Software Application named â€Å" Spithra â€Å" through which you can run some windows program like Notepad++, VLC, Counter Strike game, Web Browser in Linux. As the project relies heavily on the use of Linux Essentials, Nitin painstakingly got conversant in its use. He is very regular and punctual in submitting his assignments. He is systematic and assiduous in his approach. He does not hesitate to seek clarification, which helps him in a clear understanding of the logic and the concepts. In fact some of his questions set me thinking and this helped me to learn in the process. He is an unobtrusive, silent performer and wears his attributes well. He enjoys an excellent reputation and has earned the respect of his teachers and peers alike. He is very articulate and this enables him to interact well and to participate in various activities, including teaching and research. Nitin proved himself at every point of the program he was pursuing and was definitely an asset to our institution. His pleasant disposition enables him to work productively in teams and convinces me of his ability to groom as a researcher. I think that his zeal for learning and his perseverance as well as his industriousness amply qualify him for graduate studies. In summation I would say Nitin is an appropriate candidate for this program and will contribute energetically to both the cultural and academic environment there. An opportunity to undertake Master’s Program will definitely enhance the candidate’s profile and open up for him the kind of research platforms that he is ideally suited for. I therefore request a favorable review of his candidature and also financial assistance for him so that he is facilitated in his efforts. I recommend Nitin without any reservations and request the Admission Committee to review his application favorably. Dr. Sumit Srivastava Associate Professor, Deptt. of Computer Science Manipal University, Jaipur sumit. [emailprotected] com.

The Physics of Archery Essay -- Shooting Sports Hobbies Papers

The Physics of Archery There are not many activities out there that relax and soothe me quite like shooting my bow. It is not as simple as it sounds though, just pulling on the string, releasing the string, and watching the arrow fly towards your target. There are a number of aspects that must be taken into consideration when trying to shoot a bow and arrow efficiently, this is where we will get into the physics of archery. There are two main things to consider when looking at archery and the physics concepts behind it. First there is the bow, which basically is a device that uses human force over a distance and converts that into stored Mechanical Potential Energy. The second factor involves that stored Mechanical Energy being converted once again into Kinetic Energy when the string is released, almost all of that Kinetic Energy is transferred into the released arrow. Another way to look at a bow is in respect to a spring, a bow is almost like a spring that is storing energy that is to be transferred into the arrow once the string is released. To realize the amount of force that is applied from the bow we must look at a number of ideas and concepts. For this application we will use only a Recurve bow or a Reflex bow, which basically is a long piece of wood with a rigid handle and two flexible limbs that are â€Å"recurved† away from the archer. Then those limbs are simply pulled back towards the archer by the means of a string or number of strings. There are also a number of other bow concepts we could look at, for instance the compound bow or even the crossbow. The compound bow is similar in design except that it uses cams, pulleys, and mechanical levers to produce a greater amount of stored energy with a less amount o... ...or a smaller size of vanes. So just as I said before, shooting a bow is much more than just simply pulling on the string, letting the string go, and watching your arrow fly towards the target. There is a lot more physics that come into play when shooting than those simple ideas stated in the previous sentence. My only advice to anyone who is interested in shooting a bow and arrow accurately and having fun at the same time would be to practice, practice, practice, and practice! Good luck, be careful, and have fun. Works Cited: Easton, Larry, Basic Concepts of Archery, 1999 Kirkpatrick, Larry; Wheeler, Gerald, Physics A World View, fourth edition. 2001 Ratcliff, Perry; Archers Advantage, 1999 http://www.archersadvantage.com Rees, Gareth, Stortford Archery Club, The Physics of Medieval Archery, 1995 http://www.stortford-archers.org.uk/medieval.com

Fifth Business – Reaction to Adversities

Adversity is the most important factor in shaping character and/or identity. Assess the validity of this statement with reference to Fifth Business. Identity is individual characteristics by which a person is known or recognized. In Fifth Business, a character’s reaction to adversity is the foundation to shaping identity. Others may not know what the adversity is but they observe the way a person is acting. The composure held in rough situations allows people to formulate opinions based on these reactions. This is shown through the challenges of dealing with guilt, trying to achieve being better than others and trying to escape their past identities. A main adversity faced in Fifth Business is guilt. The guilt that the characters Dunstan and Boy feel mainly revolve around the snowball incident with Mrs. Mary Dempster. Everybody had heard about the snowball incident however only Dunstan and Boy knew the truth about who threw the snowball. Although Dunstan was truly not at fault he felt responsible because the snowball was meant for him. His mother then began making him invest time into caring for the Dempster’s and he did it without protest because he felt he need to make the situation right. â€Å"We knew your Ma must have sent you. She couldn’t do anything publicly, of course, but she sent you to look after them. Everybody knew an’ honoured her for it. † (p99) The people saw that his mother and his actions were honourable. As Dunstan ages, people’s perception of his dealings with Mary Dempster changes and his link to her makes him seem queer. Eventually even his mother was upset with Dunstan’s obsession with Mrs. Dempster. She was very upset that Dunstan would bring this woman into their home. â€Å"What under Heaven had possessed [Dunstan] to turn to that woman, not only to their home but to the very beside of a boy who was dangerously ill? † (p55) Then, Dunstan had â€Å"insisted that Willie had indeed died. No pulse; no breathing. † (p. 55) He had expressed how he felt about Willie’s â€Å"death† and was disregarded by people telling him to let it go. Dr.  McClausland says to Dunstan â€Å"I think you may safely leave it to me to say when peopled are dead, Dunny. † (p55) Milo Papple even says â€Å"Do you remember when you said that Mrs. Dempster raised Willie from the dead? God, you used to be a crazy kid†¦ â€Å" (p99) He continued on to find 2 more miracles by Mary Dempster. This revelation guided him to begin studying saints and in turn his reputation was jeopardized. â€Å"It’s this saint business of yours. Of course your books are splendid. But if you were a father would you want to send your son a school headed by an authority on saints? (p187) That is what Boy had said to Dunstan regarding why he was being let go from being Headmaster. Alternatively, Boy’s key role in making Mrs. Dempster simple forced a different reaction from him. Boy as a kid chose to ignore the fact that it was his fault. Dunstan views him as a coward and ruthless. â€Å"I knew that he was afraid, and I knew also that he would fight, lie, do anything rather than admit what I knew. † (p17) He spends so much energy on pushing the situation out of his mind that by the time he is older, he has no recollection of her all together. [Dunstan] could hardly believe he spoke the truth, but as we talked on I had to accept it as a fact that he had so far edited his memory of his early days that the incident of the snowball had quite vanished from his mind. † (p251) Boy’s indifference to the situation benefited him in a sense that because he knew that if he acted like he had no connection with Mrs. Dempster that his identity would not be compromised. The reactions from Dunstan and Boy are almost completely opposite and so people viewed them differently. Paul Dempster also treated his guilt differently than the other two. As Paul Dempster he ran away from home and people saw this as something that was prone to happen because his mother was simple. Although they did not recognize that it was because â€Å"[his] father thought it was his duty to tell [Paul], so [he] could do whatever possible to make it up to her. † (p251) As he created a new persona for himself he also found a new way to cope with his guilt by sending her money and Dunstan â€Å"was able to transfer Mrs. Dempster from the public wards of that hateful city asylum to a much better hospital near a small town. (p220) This shows that he is a good person and with success he still holds composure. Another challenge in the novel involved trying to be better than others. Boy Staunton was the golden boy from Deptford. He was always very successful and recognized. During the first war he became an officer and â€Å"was wearing a few medals, the admirable D. S. O. but otherwise minor things. † (p93) Boy went on to pursue a very successful career in the sugar business. As well, he struggled to pursue a career in politics although unsuccessful he did later become Lieutenant Governor. Old Doc Staunton’s annoyance at being outsmarted by his son had given way to his cupidity.. † (p142) All his successes sprung out of wanting to be better than his peers and his father and he succeeded. Another part of his image involves Leola being as educated and cultured as she possibly can. â€Å"She had learned to curtsy very prettily†¦ and do other courtier things required by Boy. † (p119) Yet still he still faced the challenge of her not being able to keep up. â€Å"She was trying hard but she could not keep with Boy’s social advancement. (p143) People see Boy as the golden Boy and Magnus Eisengrim even says â€Å"I remember you very well. I always thought of you as the Rich Young Ruler. † (p249) In the end, he took the challenge of being more successful and dominated it and in the end he was known and respected. â€Å"[Denyse] did achieve a very fine turnout of important people, and others who were important because they represented somebody important. † (p243) This refers to Boy’s funeral and this shows how he had finished his life as a successful man. Paul was constantly teased by kids because they would say things like â€Å"’Hey Paul, does your Ma wear pants? and stuff like that. † (p99) Milo Papple tells Dunstan that Paul ran away with the circus and â€Å"it made him kind of a hero after he’d gone. † (p99) He became a very successful magician and people thought he was magnificent. They never knew that his success came from him trying to erase the image of him being simple Mary Dempster’s son because â€Å"[he] could call up in an instant what it felt like to be the child of a woman everybody jeered at and thought a dirty joke† (p 251) Paul had to get away to ensure that he made a better name for himself. Their success is attributed to their obstacle to be better than others. Lastly, the challenge of separating their past identities also shapes their current identities. The three central characters use a name change to represent their new identities. They try to change the person they are and in turn people do view that as different people. Dunstan was originally named Dunstable Ramsay but after the war he met a Diana, a nurse whom he had his first real relationship with, who decided to change his name. Diana said â€Å"it’s hard to say for one thing and it sounds like a cart running over cobblestones for another. You’ll never get anywhere in the world named Dumbledum Ramsay. † (p85) She felt that his name didn’t represent the successful person that he could be with a better name. Diana said that he represented the Saint Dunstan in many ways because â€Å"St. Dunstan was a marvellous person and very much like [Dunstan] – mad about learning, terribly stiff and stern and scowly, and an absolute wizard at withstanding temptation. † (p85) He likes this persona of himself and â€Å"the idea of a new name; it suggested new freedom and personality. (p86) Boy Staunton, formerly known as Percy Boyd Staunton also changed his name. Somewhere along his army career decided that Boy Staunton was a name more fit for him. The name Boy represents the stellar and young gentlemen that he is. â€Å"He was boy Staunton because he summed up in himself so much of the glory of youth in the postwar period. † (p102) His name shows his success in his glorified youth. â€Å"He seemed to have made himself out of nothing, and he was a marvel. † (p103) Another name change that denotes an air of eloquence is Paul Dempster’s name change to Magnus Eisengrim. As Paul Dempster he had many misfortunes and zero success. As Magnus Eisengrim he has a wonderful show that awes the public. He says â€Å"My name is Magnus Eisengrim that is who I am and that is how the world knows me. † (p249) His reaction to escaping his past identity when he changed his name â€Å"he did not present himself as a funny-man but as one who offered an entertainment of mystery and beauty, with perhaps a hint of terror as well. † (p192) Dunstan had it right when he said â€Å"[they] had all rejected [their] beginnings and became something that their parents could not have forseen. (p252) The characters past identities did not satisfy how they viewed themselves and their challenge to erase who they were allowed them to create a new name that characterized a new identity. The characters in Fifth Business shape identities when they react to adversities. The way they are recognized is due to the actions they take to face these challenges. The most prominent challenges in Roberson Davis’ novel are the challenge of a guilty conscience, being better than others and escaping past identities. People react to one adversity differently and a good or bad identity depends on their reactions.

Generic devolopment proces

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas.Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product' view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E.Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues', such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard & Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged & Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the date s fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard & Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged & Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation' rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected' delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice.Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere establ ished. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism's of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products.For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process.The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participa ting parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework.This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to dat e of some of this work will be described in subsequent sectionsPrinciples As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works.As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job'. This has r esulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process' will have to cover the whole ‘life' of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project.It also focuses at the front-end' activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems enco untered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck & Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce.This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate' approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generati on process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go' decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol's phase gates.Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates' allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper's comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly.This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed.In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement & Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production diff iculties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville & Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team's† performance.In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder' view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making.Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom's, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction.This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a centra l repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe's expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation.The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of represe nting this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin's (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project's industrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy.However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference t o the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper's discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate' models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it's inherent reminisces.As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Fu rthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project's partner representatives.Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change' such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction.Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business con siderations of any potential project which aims to address a client's need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client's need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages.However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need'. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in the se early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client's need is developed into an appropriate design solution.Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it's concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze', although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for impro ved communication and co-ordination between the project's participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client's decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry.At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it's associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client's requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins.The ‘hard gate' that div ides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace' approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic.The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project's Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Desi gn and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones' The earlier involvement of the project's participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project's participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division.A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represente d on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck & Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased.The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones'. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, members hip of the ‘zones' is determined by the specific project task and/or process.For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones' are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer's needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player' in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project's participants and sanction progress or cessation.Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Chan ge Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones.A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management's ‘agent', it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the